Effects of fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes on the persistence of quiescent conidia of Isaria fumosorosea

This study was conducted to elucidate the interaction effects of temperature and dietary lipid levels (2 × 2 factorial experiment) on the growth performance, muscle, and liver composition in adult farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Two groups of fish (190 g; 60 fish per group) were distributed in 12 tanks in triplicates and kept at two different temperature regimes; one starting at 23 °C and then changed to 17 °C for 61 days, and the other starting at 17 °C and then changed to 23 °C for 39 days. Two commercial diets containing both ~44% crude protein but incorporating different dietary lipid levels, 16.5% (D16) and 20.0% (D20) (dry matter (DM)), were fed to the fish to apparent satiation; the type of diet fed to each fish group remained constant throughout the experiment. Final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were significantly higher for the fish group held at 23 °C compared to the fish group at 17 °C (before the temperature changes), while the dietary fat content did not have any profound effect in both groups. Furthermore, the different temperature regimes did not affect muscle or liver composition, but, on the contrary, dietary lipids affected hepatosomatic, perivisceral fat, and visceral indexes. Feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate were not affected by the dietary lipid level. An interaction of temperature and dietary lipid content was observed in daily feed consumption (DFC) and final body weight (FBW).

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Design of Thermal Insulation Materials with Different Geometries of Channels

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13132217 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 2217

Author(s):

Daniela Șova ◽

Mariana Domnica Stanciu ◽

Sergiu Valeriu Georgescu

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Base Material ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Heat Radiation ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

The Face ◽

Inclined Channels ◽

Air Channels

Investigating the large number of various materials now available, some materials scientists promoted a method of combining existing materials with geometric features. By studying natural materials, the performance of simple constituent materials is improved by manipulating their internal geometry; as such, any base material can be used by performing millimeter-scale air channels. The porous structure obtained utilizes the low thermal conductivity of the gas in the pores. At the same time, heat radiation and gas convection is hindered by the solid structure. The solution that was proposed in this research for obtaining a material with porous structure consisted in perforating extruded polystyrene (XPS) panels, as base material. Perforation was performed horizontally and at an angle of 45 degrees related to the face panel. The method is simple and cost-effective. Perforated and simple XPS panels were subjected to three different temperature regimes in order to measure the thermal conductivity. There was an increase in thermal conductivity with the increase in average temperature in all studied cases. The presence of air channels reduced the thermal conductivity of the perforated panels. The reduction was more significant at the panels with inclined channels. The differences between the thermal conductivity of simple XPS and perforated XPS panels are small, but the latter can be improved by increasing the number of channels and the air channels’ diameter. Additionally, the higher the thermal conductivity of the base material, the more significant is the presence of the channels, reducing the effective thermal conductivity. A base material with low emissivity may also reduce the thermal conductivity.

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Properties of Extruded Snacks Prepared from Corn and Carrot Powder with Ascorbic Acid Addition

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9081367 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1367

Author(s):

Valentina Obradović ◽

Jurislav Babić ◽

Verica Dragović-Uzelac ◽

Antun Jozinović ◽

Đurđica Ačkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Temperature Regime ◽

External Source ◽

Single Screw Extruder ◽

Functional Value ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Starting Point ◽

Extruded Snacks ◽

New Type ◽

Corn Snacks

The objective of this research was to investigate the potentiality of carrot powder (CP) utilization at levels 4, 6, or 8% as ingredient of corn snacks and evaluation of the extrusion influence on functionally important ingredients such as carotenoids (color), polyphenols, fiber, fat, and antioxidant activity. The influence of ascorbic acid (AA) as an external source at levels 0.5 and 1% on this particular extrusion was also investigated. A single-screw extruder at two temperature regimes (135/170/170 °C (E1) and 100/150/150 °C (E2)) carried out extrusion. The E1 temperature regime acted favorably on total polyphenol content and crude fiber, but fat preferred the E2 regime. Extrusion, especially the E1 temperature regime, increased the extractability of carotenoids. Ascorbic acid degraded during extrusion, but it still provided protection to carotenoids and color attributes of extrudates. Snacks with increased nutritional and functional value due to carrot powder addition were successfully produced, which is a starting point for production of a new type of extruded snacks.

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Short term fluctuating temperature alleviates Daphnia stoichiometric constraints

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91959-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Esteban Balseiro ◽

Cecilia Laspoumaderes ◽

Facundo Smufer ◽

Laura Wolinski ◽

Beatriz Modenutti

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Limitation ◽

Temperature Fluctuation ◽

Diel Vertical Migration ◽

Temperature Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Fluctuating Temperature ◽

Rna Content ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Lake Temperature ◽

The Mean

AbstractIn this study, we analysed how short term temperature fluctuation interacts with nutrient limitation in the vertical migrating Daphnia commutata. We hypothesize that short term (daily) temperature fluctuation will alleviate nutrient limitation. We carried out experiments analysing growth rates, phosphorus and RNA content of D. commutate grown under four different temperature regimes and two P-limited conditions. Our experiments showed that individuals grown under fluctuating temperature grew more than at the mean temperature. We estimated the expected sizes for the 15 °C treatment based on the Q10 and for the fluctuating temperature treatment. These expected sizes for both treatments resulted well below the observed ones. The P and RNA content of individuals grown at 10 °C were significantly higher than those at 20 °C, and when individuals grown at 10 °C were translocated to 20 °C they exerted an increased growth rate. Our results suggest that, under a regime of diel vertical migration, the temperature alternation would allow migrating organisms to alleviate the effect of severe nutrient limitation maintaining population growth. Under a scenario of global warming, where epilimnetic temperatures will increase, lake temperature will interact with nutrient limitation for consumers, but, organisms may be able to face these changes if they can still regularly move from a cold hypolimnion to a warmer epilimnion.

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Effects of temperature on the behaviour and metabolism of an intertidal foraminifera and consequences for benthic ecosystem functioning

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83311-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Noémie Deldicq ◽

Dewi Langlet ◽

Camille Delaeter ◽

Grégory Beaugrand ◽

Laurent Seuront ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Ecosystem Functioning ◽

Photosynthetic Activity ◽

Species Traits ◽

Biogeochemical Cycles ◽

Variable Environment ◽

Sediment Reworking ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Slow Moving ◽

Effects Of Temperature

AbstractHeatwaves have increased in intensity, duration and frequency over the last decades due to climate change. Intertidal species, living in a highly variable environment, are likely to be exposed to such heatwaves since they can be emerged for more than 6 h during a tidal cycle. Little is known, however, on how temperature affects species traits (e.g. locomotion and behaviour) of slow-moving organisms such as benthic foraminifera (single-celled protists), which abound in marine sediments. Here, we examine how temperature influences motion-behaviour and metabolic traits of the dominant temperate foraminifera Haynesina germanica by exposing individuals to usual (6, 12, 18, 24, 30 °C) and extreme (high; i.e. 32, 34, 36 °C) temperature regimes. Our results show that individuals reduced their activity by up to 80% under high temperature regimes whereas they remained active under the temperatures they usually experience in the field. When exposed to a hyper-thermic stress (i.e. 36 °C), all individuals remained burrowed and the photosynthetic activity of their sequestered chloroplasts significantly decreased. Recovery experiments subsequently revealed that individuals initially exposed to a high thermal regime partially recovered when the hyper-thermic stress ceased. H. germanica contribution to surface sediment reworking substantially diminished from 10 mm3 indiv−1 day−1 (usual temperature) to 0 mm3 indiv−1 day−1 when individuals were exposed to high temperature regimes (i.e. above 32 °C). Given their role in sediment reworking and organic matter remineralisation, our results suggest that heatwaves may have profound long-lasting effects on the functioning of intertidal muddy ecosystems and some key biogeochemical cycles.

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Benchmarking the Fluxional Processes of Organometallic Piano-Stool Complexes

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082310 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2310

Author(s):

Nathan C. Frey ◽

Eric Van Dornshuld ◽

Charles Edwin Webster

Keyword(s):

Transition Metals ◽

Density Functional ◽

Chemical Shifts ◽

Transition States ◽

Electronic Energy ◽

Basis Set ◽

Composite Approach ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Correlation Consistent Composite Approach ◽

Correlation Consistent

The correlation consistent Composite Approach for transition metals (ccCA-TM) and density functional theory (DFT) computations have been applied to investigate the fluxional mechanisms of cyclooctatetraene tricarbonyl chromium ((COT)Cr(CO)3) and 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclooctatetraene tricarbonyl chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten ((TMCOT)M(CO)3 (M = Cr, Mo, and W)) complexes. The geometries of (COT)Cr(CO)3 were fully characterized with the PBEPBE, PBE0, B3LYP, and B97-1 functionals with various basis set/ECP combinations, while all investigated (TMCOT)M(CO)3 complexes were fully characterized with the PBEPBE, PBE0, and B3LYP methods. The energetics of the fluxional dynamics of (COT)Cr(CO)3 were examined using the correlation consistent Composite Approach for transition metals (ccCA-TM) to provide reliable energy benchmarks for corresponding DFT results. The PBE0/BS1 results are in semiquantitative agreement with the ccCA-TM results. Various transition states were identified for the fluxional processes of (COT)Cr(CO)3. The PBEPBE/BS1 energetics indicate that the 1,2-shift is the lowest energy fluxional process, while the B3LYP/BS1 energetics (where BS1 = H, C, O: 6-31G(d′); M: mod-LANL2DZ(f)-ECP) indicate the 1,3-shift having a lower electronic energy of activation than the 1,2-shift by 2.9 kcal mol−1. Notably, PBE0/BS1 describes the (CO)3 rotation to be the lowest energy process, followed by the 1,3-shift. Six transition states have been identified in the fluxional processes of each of the (TMCOT)M(CO)3 complexes (except for (TMCOT)W(CO)3), two of which are 1,2-shift transition states. The lowest-energy fluxional process of each (TMCOT)M(CO)3 complex (computed with the PBE0 functional) has a ΔG‡ of 12.6, 12.8, and 13.2 kcal mol−1 for Cr, Mo, and W complexes, respectively. Good agreement was observed between the experimental and computed 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR chemical shifts for (TMCOT)Cr(CO)3 and (TMCOT)Mo(CO)3 at three different temperature regimes, with coalescence of chemically equivalent groups at higher temperatures.

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Evaluation of the temperature regimes of multi-level thermal networks in urban areas through exergy analysis

Energy Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.424 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 122 ◽

pp. 385-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bahar Saeb Gilani ◽

Max Bachmann ◽

Martin Kriegel

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Exergy Analysis ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Multi Level

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Systemic Infection by Fusarium verticillioides in Maize Plants Grown Under Three Temperature Regimes

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-12-1695 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (12) ◽

pp. 1695-1700 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

A. Murillo-Williams ◽

G. P. Munkvold

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Fusarium Verticillioides ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Temperature Treatment ◽

High Temperature Treatment ◽

Kernel Infection ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Maize Plants ◽

Systemic Development

Fusarium verticillioides causes seedling decay, stalk rot, ear rot, and mycotoxin contamination (primarily fumonisins) in maize. Systemic infection of maize plants by F. verticillioides can lead to kernel infection, but the frequency of this phenomenon has varied widely among experiments. Variation in the incidence of systemic infection has been attributed to environmental factors. In order to better understand the influence of environment, we investigated the effect of temperature on systemic development of F. verticillioides during vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development. Maize seeds were inoculated with a green fluorescent protein-expressing strain of F. verticillioides, and grown in growth chambers under three different temperature regimes. In the vegetative-stage and reproductive-stage experiments, plants were evaluated at tasseling (VT stage), and at physiological maturity (R6 stage), respectively. Independently of the temperature treatment, F. verticillioides was reisolated from nearly 100% of belowground plant tissues. Frequency of reisolation of the inoculated strain declined acropetally in aboveground internodes at all temperature regimes. At VT, the high-temperature treatment had the highest systemic development of F. verticillioides in aboveground tissues. At R6, incidence of systemic infection was greater at both the high- and low-temperature regimes than at the average-temperature regime. F. verticillioides was isolated from higher internodes in plants at R6, compared to stage VT. The seed-inoculated strain was recovered from kernels of mature plants, although incidence of kernel infection did not differ significantly among treatments. During the vegetative growth stages, temperature had a significant effect on systemic development of F. verticillioides in stalks. At R6, the fungus reached higher internodes in the high-temperature treatment, but temperature did not have an effect on the incidence of kernels (either symptomatic or asymptomatic) or ear peduncles infected with the inoculated strain. These results support the role of high temperatures in promoting systemic infection of maize by F. verticillioides, but plant-to-seed transmission may be limited by other environmental factors that interact with temperature during the reproductive stages.

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