Molecular relaxation temperature of poly (9.9-dioctylfluorenyl-2.7-diyl) using the Franck-Condon emission analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Longaresi ◽  
A. Marletta ◽  
G.C. Faria ◽  
R.M. Faria
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Relaxation ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Relaxation Temperature ◽  
Franck Condon

Molecular relaxation temperature effects on emission efficiency of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2935-2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silésia de Fátima Curcino da Silva ◽  
Mauricio Foschini ◽  
Hugo Santos Silva ◽  
José Roberto Tozoni ◽  
Fernando A. Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Organic Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Molecular Relaxation ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Emission Efficiency ◽  
Organic Light ◽  
Relaxation Temperature

Influence of Carbon Black on Processability of Rubber Stocks. II. Extrusion Shrinkage

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Cotten
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Extrusion Pressure ◽  
Molecular Relaxation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Relaxation Temperature ◽  
Good Uniformity ◽  
Weighing Method ◽  
Satisfactory Prediction ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Extrusion shrinkage is caused by molecular relaxation of polymer after exit from the die. The rate of molecular relaxation is extremely rapid and under the present experimental conditions, 80% of limiting extrusion shrinkage, L∞, is reached in less than 10 sec. The dependence of extrusion shrinkage L, on time t may be expressed by an empirical equation: L=L∞(1−kt−n) where k and n are constants. An increase in relaxation temperature increases values of L∞ and decreases n, while increase in shear rate decreases constant k. As found previously, extrusion shrinkage, L∞, is related to shear stress. Maintaining a good uniformity of product in factory extrusion may be accomplished by controlling extrusion pressure as well as by speeding up and controlling the process of molecular relaxation. The latter goal may be attained by maintaining the extrudate at an elevated temperature for about 2 min, and controlling that temperature within narrow limits. The results show the importance of defining extrusion conditions, including extrusion pressure and the temperature at which the extrudate is allowed to relax. The feasibility of rapid measurements (i.e., within ca. 1 min) of extrusion shrinkage using a laser beam detection system was demonstrated, and a good correlation was found with results obtained by conventional (weighing) method. The concept of occluded rubber and its effect on extrusion shrinkage was reexamined and found to provide a very satisfactory prediction of extrusion shrinkage of SBR compounds containing a wide selection of carbon blacks.

In-Situ Observation and Acoustic Emission Analysis for Corrosion Pitting of MgCl2 Droplet in SUS304 Stainless Steel

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuharu Shiwa ◽  
Hiroyuki Masuda ◽  
Hisashi Yamawaki ◽  
Kaita Ito ◽  
Manabu Enoki
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Sus304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Pitting ◽  
Acoustic Emission Analysis

Dc arc emission analysis of rare earth metals and their oxides with sorption preconcentration of impurities

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
E. S. Koshel ◽  
V. B. Baranovskaya ◽  
M. S. Doronina
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Metals ◽  
Analytical Signal ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Sorption Preconcentration ◽  
Sample Shape

The analytical capabilities of arc atomic emission determination of As, Bi, Sb, Cu, Te in rare earth metals (REM) and their oxides after preparatory group concentration using S,N-containing heterochain polymer sorbent are studied on a high-resolution spectrometer “Grand- Extra” (“WMC-Optoelectron-ics” company, Russia). Sorption kinetics and dependence of the degree of the impurity extraction on the solution acidity are analyzed to specify conditions of sorption concentration. To optimize the procedure of arc atomic emission determination of As, Bi, Sb, Cu, and Te various schemes of their sorption preconcentration and subsequent processing of the resulted concentrate with the addition of a collector at different stages of the sorption process have been considered. Graphite powder is used as a collector in analysis of rare earth oxides due to universality and relative simplicity of the emission spectrum. Conditions of analysis and parameters of the spectrometer that affect the analytical signal (mass and composition of the sample, shape and size of the electrodes, current intensity and generator operation mode, interelectrode spacing, wavelengths of the analytical lines) are chosen. The evaporation curves of the determinable impurities were studied and the exposure time of As, Bi, Sb, Cu, and Te in the resulted sorption concentrate was determined. Correctness of the obtained results was evaluated using standard samples of the composition and in comparisons between methods. The results of the study are used to develop a method of arc chemical-atomic emission analysis of yttrium, gadolinium, neodymium, europium, scandium and their oxides in a concentration range of n x (10-2 - 10-5) wt.%.

Techniques to Remove the C4 Die from a Ceramic Package

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Mahanpour ◽  
Andy Gray ◽  
Jose Hulog ◽  
Pat Chang
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Methods And Techniques

Abstract C4 (Controlled Collapse Chip Connection) failure analysis compared to conventional packages (DIP- LCC- QFP, etc.) is not trivial. For instance, one has to thin the C4 die for IR microscope inspection or for photon emission analysis. Then, after failure analysis on the die, it must be removed for deprocessing or further analysis. Three methods and techniques will be discussed for removing the C4 die from the package without damaging the die. However, for each technique it is very important to know the condition of the die and package prior to die removal. The method used will differ, for example, if the die is thinned or not.

Application of Backside Photo and Thermal Emission Microscopy Techniques to Advanced Memory Devices

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-S. Lee ◽  
J.-S. Seo ◽  
N.-S. Cho ◽  
S. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Memory Devices ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Intensity Attenuation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Defect Sites ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Abstract Both photo- and thermal emission analysis techniques are used from the backside of the die colocate defect sites. The technique is important in that process and package technologies have made front-side analysis difficult or impossible. Several test cases are documented. Intensity attenuation through the bulk of the silicon does not compromise the usefulness of the technique in most cases.

scholarly journals Investigation of Effect on Environmental Performance of Using LNG as Fuel for Engines in Seaport Tugboats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Sergejus Lebedevas ◽  
Lukas Norkevičius ◽  
Peilin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
The Baltic

Decarbonization of ship power plants and reduction of harmful emissions has become a priority in the technological development of maritime transport, including ships operating in seaports. Engines fueled by diesel without using secondary emission reduction technologies cannot meet MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The MEPC.203 (62) EEDI directive of the IMO also stipulates a standard for CO2 emissions. This study presents the results of research on ecological parameters when a CAT 3516C diesel engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-liquefied natural gas) powered Wartsila 9L20DF engine on an existing seaport tugboat. CO2, SO2 and NOx emission reductions were estimated using data from the actual engine load cycle, the fuel consumption of the KLASCO-3 tugboat, and engine-prototype experimental data. Emission analysis was performed to verify the efficiency of the dual-fuel engine in reducing CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions of seaport tugboats. The study found that replacing a diesel engine with a dual-fuel-powered engine led to a reduction in annual emissions of 10% for CO2, 91% for SO2, and 65% for NOx. Based on today’s fuel price market data an economic impact assessment was conducted based on the estimated annual fuel consumption of the existing KLASCO-3 seaport tugboat when a diesel-powered engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-natural gas)-powered engine. The study showed that a 33% fuel costs savings can be achieved each year. Based on the approved methodology, an ecological impact assessment was conducted for the entire fleet of tugboats operating in the Baltic Sea ports if the fuel type was changed from diesel to natural gas. The results of the assessment showed that replacing diesel fuel with natural gas achieved 78% environmental impact in terms of NOx emissions according to MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The research concludes that new-generation engines on the market powered by environmentally friendly fuels such as LNG can modernise a large number of existing seaport tugboats, significantly reducing their emissions in ECA regions such as the Baltic Sea.

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