All Body Region Injuries are Not Equal: Differences in Pediatric Discharge Functional Status Based on Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) Body Regions and Severity Scores

Diagnoses of injuries as a result of trauma are commonly coded by means of the International Classification of Diseases (9th rev.) Clinical Modification (ICD-9CM). The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is frequently employed to assess the severity of injury per body region. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is an over-all index or summary of the severity of injury. To compute one of these two types of scores the entire medical record of each patient must be examined. The program ICDTOAIS replaces the manual coding or translation between the two scores. The program converts the ICD-9CM coded diagnoses into AIS and ISS scores. The program also computes the maximum AIS (MAXAIS) per body region, enabling the researcher to assess the relative impact of the severity of trauma of different body regions in both morbidity and mortality studies. The program locates invalid ICD-9CM rubrics in the data file. ICDTOAIS may be employed as a program alone or as a procedure in database management systems (e.g., DBase III plus, DBase IV, or the different versions of FOXPRO). The program is written in Turbo Pascal, Version 6.

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Impact of Adapting the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)-2005 from AIS-1998 on Injury Severity Scores and Clinical Outcome

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16245033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (24) ◽

pp. 5033 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shiun-Yuan Hsu ◽

Shao-Chun Wu ◽

Cheng-Shyuan Rau ◽

Ting-Min Hsieh ◽

Hang-Tsung Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Trauma Center ◽

Major Trauma ◽

Injury Severity ◽

Abbreviated Injury Scale ◽

Body Regions ◽

Severity Scores ◽

Level I ◽

Injured Patients ◽

Head Neck

Background: In recent years, several versions of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) were updated and published. It was reported that the codeset in the dictionary of AIS-2005 had significant change from that of AIS-1998. This study was designed to evaluate the potential impact of adapting the AIS-2005 codeset from the AIS-1998 in an established trauma system of a single level I trauma center. The patients’ outcome was measured in different Injury Severity Score (ISS) strata according to the double-coded injuries in a three-year period. Methods: The double-coded injuries sustained by 7520 trauma patients between 1 January, 2016, and 31 December, 2018, in a level I trauma center were used to compare the patient injury characteristics and outcomes between AIS-1998 and AIS-2005 and under different ISS strata, defined as <16 (mild to moderate injury), 16–24 (severe injury), and >24 (critical injury). Results: The mean ISS was significantly lower using AIS-2005 than using AIS-1998 (7.5 ± 6.3 vs. 8.3 ± 7.1, respectively, p < 0.001). AIS-2005 scores in the body regions of the head/neck (2.94 ± 1.08 vs. 3.40 ± 1.15, respectively, p < 0.001) and extremity (2.19 ± 0.56 vs. 2.24 ± 0.58, respectively, p < 0.001), but not in other body regions, were significantly lower than AIS-1998 scores. The critically injured patients (ISS >24), but not severely injured patients or patients with mild-to-moderate injury, coded by AIS-2005 had a significantly higher mortality rate (34.2% vs. 26.2%, respectively, p = 0.031) than did patients coded by AIS-1998. The rate of intensive care unit admission was significantly higher for patients in all ISS strata after adapting AIS-2005 as the scoring system than after adapting AIS-1998. Regarding patients with major trauma, which was defined as ISS > 15, the number of patients with major trauma in this study was 17.0% (n = 1276) for AIS-1998 and 9.7% (n = 733) for AIS-2005. As a consequence, the mortality rate of patients with major trauma was significantly higher in AIS-2005 than in AIS-1998 (15.4% vs. 9.1%, respectively, p < 000.1). Conclusions: In this study, we revealed that the adaptation of AIS-2005 from AIS-1998 had resulted in a significant decrease of severity scores in the measurement of the same injuries. The number of head/neck injuries classified as 16–24 was the key difference between AIS-1998 and AIS-2005. Furthermore, critically injured patients who had ISS > 24 coded by AIS-2005 had significantly higher mortality rates than did the patients coded by AIS-1998. This study also indicated that a direct comparison of the measurements that are generated from these two AIS versions can produce misleading results.

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Heat dissipation in subterranean rodents: the role of body region and social organisation

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81404-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

František Vejmělka ◽

Jan Okrouhlík ◽

Matěj Lövy ◽

Gabriel Šaffa ◽

Eviatar Nevo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

Heat Dissipation ◽

Ventral Surface ◽

Body Region ◽

Subterranean Rodents ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Social Species ◽

Body Regions ◽

Body Heat ◽

Solitary Species

AbstractThe relatively warm and very humid environment of burrows presents a challenge for thermoregulation of its mammalian inhabitants. It was found that African mole-rats dissipate body heat mainly through their venter, and social mole-rats dissipate more body heat compared to solitary species at lower temperatures. In addition, the pattern of the ventral surface temperature was suggested to be homogeneous in social mole-rats compared to a heterogeneous pattern in solitary mole-rats. To investigate this for subterranean rodents generally, we measured the surface temperatures of seven species with different degrees of sociality, phylogeny, and climate using infrared thermography. In all species, heat dissipation occurred mainly through the venter and the feet. Whereas the feet dissipated body heat at higher ambient temperatures and conserved it at lower ambient temperatures, the ventral surface temperature was relatively high in all temperatures indicating that heat dissipation to the environment through this body region is regulated mainly by behavioural means. Solitary species dissipated less heat through their dorsum than social species, and a tendency for this pattern was observed for the venter. The pattern of heterogeneity of surface temperature through the venter was not related to sociality of the various species. Our results demonstrate a general pattern of body heat exchange through the three studied body regions in subterranean rodents. Besides, isolated individuals of social species are less able to defend themselves against low ambient temperatures, which may handicap them if staying alone for a longer period, such as during and after dispersal events.

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Musculoskeletal disorders among rice farmers in Phimai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

Journal of Health Research ◽

10.1108/jhr-01-2019-0009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 494-503

Author(s):

Ekarat Sombatsawat ◽

Titaporn Luangwilai ◽

Parichat Ong-artborirak ◽

Wattasit Siriwong

Keyword(s):

Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

Work Experience ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Farm Size ◽

Body Region ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Content Type ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Body Regions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and determine factors influencing MSDs among rice farmers. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study was carried out among 156 rice farmers from 14 villages in Tarnlalord sub-district, Phimai district, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand, from February 2017 to March 2017. Face-to-face interviews, including demographics, work characteristics and musculoskeletal pain, were conducted using a modified standardized Nordic questionnaire. Findings The results revealed that both 78 males and 78 females participated in the study to which the average of age and body mass index (BMI) was 45.5±11.4 years and 24.9±4.0 kg/m2, respectively. All rice farmers reported MSDs in at least one body region during the six months preceding the interview. The highest prevalence of MSDs showed 86.5 percent in the lower back area, followed by 85.9 percent in the neck, and 80.7 percent in the shoulders. The analysis of binary logistic regression and Spearman’s rank correlation showed that factors such as gender, age, BMI, work experience and farm size influence MSDs’ occurrence, and pain severity in one or more body regions (p < 0.05). Originality/value Musculoskeletal injuries are a significant health problem in rice farmers. The study indicated that appropriate agricultural practices such as working posture, equipment size selection and carrying loads should be recommended to prevent MSDs. Thus, the occupational health and safety services in agricultural workers are needed.

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Discovering the forbidden Raman modes at the edges of layered materials

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aau6252 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

pp. eaau6252 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yao Guo ◽

Weixuan Zhang ◽

Hanchun Wu ◽

Junfeng Han ◽

Yongliang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectra ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Scattered Light ◽

Layered Materials ◽

The Body ◽

Body Region ◽

Edge Type ◽

Body Regions ◽

Raman Modes ◽

Raman Study

The edges of layered materials have unique properties that substantially differ from the body regions. In this work, we perform a systematic Raman study of the edges of various layered materials (MoS2, WS2, WSe2, PtS2, and black phosphorus). The Raman spectra of the edges feature newly observed forbidden Raman modes, which are originally undetectable from the body region. By selecting the edge type and the polarization directions of the incident and scattered light, all forbidden Raman modes are distinctly detected. Optical simulations show that the edges of layered materials drastically distort the electromagnetic fields of both the incident and scattered light, so that the light interacts with the edges in a distinct way, which differs from its interactions with the body regions.

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Conspecifics of the Striped Lava Lizard are able to distinguish sex and male colour morphs in apparently homogeneous dull dorsal colouration

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/15685381-20181048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 149-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Andre C. Bruinjé ◽

Mauricio O. Moura ◽

Bruno S. Maggi ◽

Vinicius A. São-Pedro ◽

Daniel M.A. Pessoa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Region ◽

Body Parts ◽

Adult Males ◽

Intraspecific Interactions ◽

Body Regions ◽

Animal Colouration ◽

Colour Morphs ◽

Lava Lizard ◽

Uv Reflection ◽

Colour Classes

Abstract Animal colouration plays a key role in inter and intraspecific interactions, pre-eminently in mate signalling. When multiple types of colouration occur within sexes it is possible that they show alternative reproductive strategies. In lizards, most colouration studies do not incorporate how colour is perceived by conspecifics. Here, we used unbiased colour analysis methods (spectrophotometry and visual modelling) to test for sexual dimorphism and within male dichromatism in the Striped Lava Lizard. We found that males express two distinct colourations that are different from females in several dorsal and ventral body regions. Our results showed UV reflection at the throat, an important body region for signalling. Ventral patches, the coloured badge seen in adult males of Tropidurus spp., have two distinct colour classes within males (Y and B males). Morphs are best discriminated by blue and yellow chroma, and brightness. Body size had little influence on colouration, suggesting that colour may be linked to inheritance rather than growth. Our study clearly shows sexual dichromatism and the existence of colour morphs in this species. Moreover, morph differences in colouration are perceptible by conspecifics. These differences are not only between ventral patches, but also in other body parts such as the dorsum, previously considered as cryptic by human observers. We suggest that colouration at the ventral patches and throat might play a role in intraspecific interactions. Patches increase colour intensity during breeding season and are likely to be costly by pigment-based expression, whereas throat’s UV reflection might have a cost infringed by conspicuousness.

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Does food insecurity affect musculoskeletal symptoms, fatigue, and productivity of municipality cleaners? A cross-sectional study

Work ◽

10.3233/wor-213566 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 209-217

Author(s):

Mina Babashahi ◽

Farnaz Bagherifard ◽

Hadi Daneshmandi ◽

Rohollah Khoshbakht ◽

Omid Jaberi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽

Body Region ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Persian Version ◽

Body Regions ◽

Effect Of Food ◽

One Year ◽

Food Insecurity Access

BACKGROUND: Municipality cleaners are exposed to food insecurity, Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MSs), and fatigue. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of food insecurity on MSs, fatigue, and productivity among municipality cleaners. METHODS: This study was conducted on 399 Iranian male municipality cleaners with at least one year of working experience. The data were gathered via a demographic/occupational questionnaire, the Persian version of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (P-HFIAS), the Persian version of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (P-NMQ), the Persian version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale (P-MAF), and the Persian version of Health and Work Questionnaire (P-HWQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression (Forward Wald), and multiple linear regression (Stepwise). RESULTS: The findings revealed that 42.6%of the municipality cleaners were in the ‘severely food insecure’ category. The highest prevalence of MSs in the past week were related to knees (35.8%), lower back (35.1%), and ankles/feet (28.8%). Based on the results, the chance of MSs in the shoulders (OR = 1.66) and ankles/feet (1.60) regions, and MSs at least in one body region (OR = 1.47) was higher in the individuals with severe food insecurity than the others. Considering the P-MAF, food insecurity was associated with the ‘degree and severity’, ‘distress that it causes’, and ‘timing of fatigue’ subscales and ‘total fatigue’. Considering the P-HWQ, food insecurity was associated with ‘productivity’, ‘other’s assessment’, ‘concentration/focus’, ‘supervisor relations’, ‘non-work satisfaction’, and ‘impatience/irritability’ subscales. CONCLUSION: The study revealed an association between food insecurity and MSs in some body regions and fatigue and productivity subscales among the municipality cleaners. Nutritional and ergonomic programs are recommended to reduce municipality cleaners’ food insecurity, MSs, and fatigue and enhance their productivity.

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Characterization of fatal injuries in oil and gas industry-related helicopter accidents in the Gulf of Mexico, 2004–2014

Injury Epidemiology ◽

10.1186/s40621-020-00288-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kristin Yeoman ◽

Mary B. O’Connor ◽

Sara Sochor ◽

Gerald Poplin

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Gulf Of Mexico ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Body Region ◽

Future Research ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Body Regions ◽

Safety Features

Abstract Background Transportation events are the most common cause of offshore fatalities in the oil and gas industry, of which helicopter accidents comprise the majority. Little is known about injury distributions in civilian helicopter crashes, and knowledge of injury distributions could focus research and recommendations for enhanced injury prevention and post-crash survival. This study describes the distribution of injuries among fatalities in Gulf of Mexico oil and gas industry-related helicopter accidents, provides a detailed injury classification to identify potential areas of enhanced safety design, and describes relevant safety features for mitigation of common injuries. Methods Decedents of accidents during 2004–2014 were identified, and autopsy reports were requested from responsible jurisdictions. Documented injuries were coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), and frequency and proportion of injuries by AIS body region and severity were calculated. Injuries were categorized into detailed body regions to target areas for prevention. Results A total of 35 autopsies were coded, with 568 injuries documented. Of these, 23.4% were lower extremity, 22.0% were thorax, 13.6% were upper extremity, and 13.4% were face injuries. Minor injuries were most prevalent in the face, neck, upper and lower extremities, and abdomen. Serious or worse injuries were most prevalent in the thorax (53.6%), spine (50.0%), head (41.7%), and external/other regions (75.0%). The most frequent injuries by detailed body regions were thoracic organ (23.0%), thoracic skeletal (13.3%), abdominal organ (9.6%), and leg injuries (7.4%). Drowning occurred in 13 (37.1%) of victims, and drowning victims had a higher proportion of moderate brain injuries (7.8%) and lower number of documented injuries (3.8) compared with non-drowning victims (2.9 and 9.4%, respectively). Conclusions Knowledge of injury distributions focuses and prioritizes the need for additional safety features not routinely used in helicopters. The most frequent injuries occurred in the thorax and lower extremity regions. Future research requires improved and expanded data, including collection of detailed data to allow characterization of both injury mechanism and distribution. Improved safety systems including airbags and helmets should be implemented and evaluated for their impact on injuries and fatalities.

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Earthquake-Induced Injuries: Retrospective Epidemiological Analysis of the 2015 Hindu Kush Earthquake in Pakistan

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2018.134 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 732-739

Author(s):

Junaid Ahmad ◽

Mokbul Morshed Ahmad ◽

Elena Espigares Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Active Regions ◽

Population Based ◽

Body Region ◽

Time Data ◽

Body Regions ◽

Retrospective Data Analysis ◽

Hindu Kush ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

International Statistical Classification ◽

Refusal To Participate

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze retrospectively the earthquake-induced injuries caused by the October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake in Pakistan. This is the first population-based study to assess epidemiologically earthquake-induced injuries in the Hindu Kush region, one of the world’s most mountainous and seismically active regions. Unfortunately, only limited studies have investigated the earthquake-induced injuries and deaths in the region epidemiologically.MethodsThe 5 worst affected districts were selected according to the highest number of deaths and injuries recorded. A total of 1,790 injuries and 232 deaths were reported after the 2015 earthquake. In our study area, 391 persons were recorded and verified to have been injured as a result of the earthquake. We attempted to investigate all of the 391 injured people, but the final study looked at 346 subjects because the remaining 45 subjects could not be traced because of the non-availability of their complete records and their refusal to participate in the study.ResultsUsing the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD 10), we found that the highest number – 20.23% (70 of 346) – of injuries in the earthquake fall in the class of “Injuries to an unspecified part of trunk, limb, or body region (T08-T14).” The class of “Injuries to knee and lower leg (S80-S89),” which count 15.61% (54 out of 346), followed it, and “Injuries involving multiple body regions (T00-T07)” were making 14.74% of total injuries (51 out of 346).ConclusionIn times of natural disasters like earthquakes, collecting and analyzing real-time data can be challenging. Therefore, a retrospective data analysis of deaths and injuries induced by the earthquake is of high importance. Studies in these emerging domains will be crucial to initiate health policy debates and to prevent and mitigate future injuries and deaths. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;13:732–739).

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Sweating rate at different body regions in cattle and its correlation with some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9690395 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 395 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

YS Pan ◽

SM Donegan ◽

RH Hayman

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Body Region ◽

Sweating Rate ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Gland Volume ◽

Body Regions

Sweating rates at five body regions on four Jersey and four Sahiwal x Jersey crossbred heifers were measured in a hot room under three treatments differing in temperature and duration. The correlations between sweating rate and some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin were examined. Differences in sweating rate between body regions, interactions between breed and body region in sweating rate, and differences in sweating rate for the various treatments were all shown to be statistically significant. There was no significant interaction between body regions and treatment in sweating rate.Between body regions within an animal, there was a positive correlation between sweat gland population density and sweating rate and a negative correlation between mean sweat gland volume and sweating rate. This negative correlation was associated with the fact that regions with high sweat gland population density also tended to have smaller sweat glands and vice versa. Indications of a positive correlation between the total sweat gland volume per unit area and sweating rate were also found, though none of these approached statistical significance.

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