Thermographic ocular temperature correlated with rectal temperature in cats

The effects, on the body temperature of white mice, of repeated short exposures to cold were investigated using two methods of restraint. Animals held in a flattened posture became hypothermic at room temperature, cooled more than five times as fast at −10 °C as mice that could adopt a heat-conserving posture, and continued to cool for some time after they were removed from the cold. With repeated tests, cooling at room temperature decreased, and an improvement in re warming ability was observed. In addition, with lightly restrained mice, the fall in rectal temperature during cold exposure showed a progressive decrease, a phenomenon not observed with severely restrained animals.

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Effects of cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water on behavior and performance of lactating sows under heat stress

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Y Zhu ◽

L J Johnston ◽

M H Reese ◽

E S Buchanan ◽

J E Tallaksen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Respiration Rate ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Time Budget ◽

Video Recording ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Before And After ◽

And Performance ◽

Drinking Frequency

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate whether cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water could alleviate negative impacts of heat stress on lactating sows. Thirty sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, Parity = 1 to 6) were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700–1900 hours) and 23.9°C (1900–0700 hours). Sows in one room (Cool), but not in the other room (Control) were provided cooled floor pads (21–22°C) and chilled drinking water (13–15°C). Behavior of sows (15 sows/treatment) was video recorded during farrowing, and days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed continuously to register the birth time of each piglet, from which total farrowing duration and birth intervals were calculated. The number of drinking bouts and the duration of each drinking bout were registered for each sow through viewing videos continuously for 2 h (1530–1730 hours) each video-recording day. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each video-recording day, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured for all sows the day before and after farrowing, and then once weekly. Sow and litter performance was recorded. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. The cooling treatment did not affect sow behavior or litter performance. Sows in the Cool room had lower rectal temperature (P = 0.03) and lower respiration rate (P < 0.001), consumed more feed (P = 0.03), tended to have reduced weight loss (P = 0.07), and backfat loss (P = 0.07) during lactation than sows in the Control room. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (P < 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (P < 0.0001), standing (P < 0.001), and sitting (P < 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (P < 0.0001) in both Cool and Control rooms. While cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water did not affect sow behavior, they did alleviate heat stress partially, as indicated by decreased rectal temperature, respiration rate, weight, and backfat loss, and increased feed intake in lactating sows.

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Energy Supplementation during the Last Third of Gestation Improves Mother–Young Bonding in Goats

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 287

Author(s):

Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽

Gregorio Álvarez-Fuentes ◽

Héctor O. Orozco-Gregorio ◽

Juan C. García-López ◽

Milagros González-Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Respiratory Rate ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

First Feeding ◽

Labor Duration ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Energy Supplementation ◽

Birth Body Weight ◽

Birth Type

We tested whether maternal energy supplementation during the last third of gestation improves birth weight, neonatal wellbeing, and mother–young bonding. Thirty-six pregnant French Alpine goats were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments for the last third of pregnancy: (i) Control, fed alfalfa (T-0; n = 12); (ii) alfalfa + 150 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-150; n = 12); (iii) alfalfa + 300 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-300; n = 12). At birth, we collected progeny data on birth weight, birth type, sex, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, time to standing, time to udder connection, and time to first feeding. For the dams, we collected data on the duration of labor, time to clean the progeny, and time to allow first suckling. At birth, body weight, rectal temperature, heart rate, and the respiratory rate did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). In the dams, labor duration was not affected by the treatments (p > 0.05). The T-150 dams were faster to clean the newborn and allow first suckling (p < 0.05). The T-150 progeny were faster to stand and the T-300 progeny were faster to connect to the udder (p < 0.05). We conclude that energy supplementation of the dam during the last third of gestation does not affect the birth weight of the progeny, but enhances the mother–young bonding.

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Association between clinical respiratory signs, lung lesions detected by thoracic ultrasonography and growth performance in pre‐weaned dairy calves

Irish Veterinary Journal ◽

10.1186/s13620-021-00187-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inmaculada Cuevas-Gómez ◽

Mark McGee ◽

José María Sánchez ◽

Edward O’Riordan ◽

Nicky Byrne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Live Weight ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Lung Lobe ◽

Lung Consolidation ◽

Severe Lung

Abstract Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main cause of mortality among 1-to-5 month old calves in Ireland, accounting for approximately one-third of deaths. Despite widespread use of clinical respiratory signs for diagnosing BRD, lung lesions are detected, using thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) or following post-mortem, in calves showing no clinical signs. This highlights the limitation of clinical respiratory signs as a method of detecting sub-clinical BRD. Using 53 purchased artificially-reared male dairy calves, the objectives of this study were to: (i) characterise the BRD incidence detected by clinical respiratory signs and/or TUS, (ii) investigate the association between clinical respiratory signs and lung lesions detected by TUS, and (iii) assess the effect of BRD on pre-weaning growth. Results Clinical BRD (based on Wisconsin clinical respiratory score and/or rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC) was detected in 43 % and sonographic changes (lung lesions) were detected in 64 % of calves from purchase (23 (SD; 6.2) days of age) until weaning, 53 days post-arrival. Calves with clinical BRD were treated. Sixty-one per cent calves affected with clinical BRD had lung lesions 10.5 days (median) before detection of clinical signs. Moderate correlations (rsp 0.70; P < 0.05) were found between cough and severe lung lesions on arrival day, and between rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC and lung lesions ≥ 2 cm2 on day 7 (rsp 0.40; P < 0.05) post-arrival. Mean average daily live weight gain (ADG) of calves from purchase to weaning was 0.75 (SD; 0.10) kg; calves with or without clinical BRD did not differ in ADG (P > 0.05), whereas ADG of those with severe lung lesions (lung lobe completely consolidated or pulmonary emphysema) was 0.12 kg/d less (P < 0.05) than calves without lung lesions. Conclusions Thoracic ultrasonography detected lung consolidation in calves that did not show signs of respiratory disease. The presence of severe lung lesions was associated with reduced pre-weaning growth. These findings emphasise the importance of using TUS in addition to clinical respiratory scoring of calves for an early and accurate detection of clinical and sub-clinical BRD.

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Rectal temperature is a prognostic indicator in client‐owned guinea pigs

Journal of Small Animal Practice ◽

10.1111/jsap.13388 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

I. H. Levy ◽

N. Di Girolamo ◽

K. A. Keller

Keyword(s):

Rectal Temperature ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Prognostic Indicator

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Prehospital management of exertional heat stroke at sports competitions: International Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2020-103854 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. bjsports-2020-103854

Author(s):

Yuri Hosokawa ◽

Sebastien Racinais ◽

Takao Akama ◽

David Zideman ◽

Richard Budgett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rectal Temperature ◽

Working Group ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Heat Stroke ◽

International Olympic Committee ◽

Exertional Heat Stroke ◽

Weather Impact ◽

Prehospital Management ◽

Adverse Weather ◽

Expert Working Group

ObjectivesThis document aimed to summarise the key components of exertional heat stroke (EHS) prehospital management.MethodsMembers of the International Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 summarised the current best practice regarding the EHS prehospital management.ResultsSports competitions that are scheduled under high environmental heat stress or those that include events with high metabolic demands should implement and adopt policy and procedures for EHS prehospital management. The basic principles of EHS prehospital care are: early recognition, early diagnosis, rapid, on-site cooling and advanced clinical care. In order to achieve these principles, medical organisers must establish an area called the heat deck within or adjacent to the main medical tent that is optimised for EHS diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. Once admitted to the heat deck, the rectal temperature of the athlete with suspected EHS is assessed to confirm an elevated core body temperature. After EHS is diagnosed, the athlete must be cooled on-site until the rectal temperature is below 39°C. While cooling the athlete, medical providers are recommended to conduct a blood analysis to rule out exercise-associated hyponatraemia or hypoglycaemia, provided that this can be safely performed without interrupting cooling. The athlete is transported to advanced care for a full medical evaluation only after the treatment has been provided on-site.ConclusionsA coordination of care among all medical stakeholders at the sports venue, during transport, and at the hospital is warranted to ensure effective management is provided to the EHS athlete.

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Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold-water immersions

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.204 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 204-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

John W. Castellani ◽

Andrew J. Young ◽

Michael N. Sawka ◽

Kent B. Pandolf

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Heat Production ◽

Alternative Explanation ◽

Cold Water ◽

Metabolic Heat Production ◽

Normal Body Temperature ◽

Repeat Trial ◽

Metabolic Heat ◽

Made In

This study examined whether serial cold-water immersions over a 10-h period would lead to fatigue of shivering and vasoconstriction. Eight men were immersed (2 h) in 20°C water three times (0700, 1100, and 1500) in 1 day (Repeat). This trial was compared with single immersions (Control) conducted at the same times of day. Before Repeat exposures at 1100 and 1500, rewarming was employed to standardize initial rectal temperature. The following observations were made in the Repeat relative to the Control trial: 1) rectal temperature was lower and heat debt was higher ( P < 0.05) at 1100; 2) metabolic heat production was lower ( P < 0.05) at 1100 and 1500; 3) subjects perceived the Repeat trial as warmer at 1100. These data suggest that repeated cold exposures may impair the ability to maintain normal body temperature because of a blunting of metabolic heat production, perhaps reflecting a fatigue mechanism. An alternative explanation is that shivering habituation develops rapidly during serially repeated cold exposures.

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PSV-13 Genetic parameters and quantitative trait loci for heat stress related traits in sheep

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.289 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 163-164

Author(s):

Devin R Jacobs ◽

Claudia E Silvera-Rojas ◽

Jennifer M Bormann ◽

Terry A Gipson ◽

Arthur L Goetsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Quantitative Trait Loci ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

The United States ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Trait Loci

Abstract Greater selection emphasis has been placed on efficiency than on fitness in livestock populations over the last several decades. Heat stress is a concern in production systems due to the negative effects on production, reproduction, and immunity. The objective of the study was to estimate variance components and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for heat stress related traits in sheep. A total of 125 Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix ewes originating from four regions of the United States were selected for the experiment. Animals were separated into four trials due to facility limitations. Data were collected for each trial over four consecutive two-week periods in an environmentally controlled facility with targeted heat load index (HLI) for daytime/nighttime of 70/70, 85/77, 90/77, and 95/81. Body weight was collected three times per week and rectal temperature was collected weekly. Black globe temperature and humidity were measured every 15 minutes. Animals were genotyped using the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip. After quality control, 49,396 effective single nucleotide polymorphisms were included in the univariate analysis performed with the BLUPF90 suite of programs. Fixed effects in the models included region of origin, breed, trial, and age as a covariate. Traits analyzed included rectal temperature at 95 HLI (RT95), feed intake at 95 HLI (FI95), and average daily gain for the period for HLI between 90 and 95 (ADG). Heritabilities for RT95, FI95, and ADG were 0.35, 0.10, and 0.10, respectively. Largest effect QTL were identified on chromosomes 23, 9, and 6 for RT95, chromosomes 9, 2, and 20 for FI95, and chromosomes 6, 1, and 5 for ADG. Many of the regions identified have also been associated with weight and carcass traits in other studies, but few had obvious connections to the heat stress related response. In conclusion, results suggest selection could improve heat tolerance in sheep.

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Independent and combined impact of hypoxia and acute inorganic nitrate ingestion on thermoregulatory responses to the cold

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-021-04602-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 121 (4) ◽

pp. 1207-1218

Author(s):

Josh T. Arnold ◽

Stephen J. Bailey ◽

Simon G. Hodder ◽

Naoto Fujii ◽

Alex B. Lloyd

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cooling Rate ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Onset Time ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Vascular Control ◽

Delta Change ◽

Core Cooling ◽

The Impact

Abstract Purpose This study assessed the impact of normobaric hypoxia and acute nitrate ingestion on shivering thermogenesis, cutaneous vascular control, and thermometrics in response to cold stress. Method Eleven male volunteers underwent passive cooling at 10 °C air temperature across four conditions: (1) normoxia with placebo ingestion, (2) hypoxia (0.130 FiO2) with placebo ingestion, (3) normoxia with 13 mmol nitrate ingestion, and (4) hypoxia with nitrate ingestion. Physiological metrics were assessed as a rate of change over 45 min to determine heat loss, and at the point of shivering onset to determine the thermogenic thermoeffector threshold. Result Independently, hypoxia expedited shivering onset time (p = 0.05) due to a faster cooling rate as opposed to a change in central thermoeffector thresholds. Specifically, compared to normoxia, hypoxia increased skin blood flow (p = 0.02), leading to an increased core-cooling rate (p = 0.04) and delta change in rectal temperature (p = 0.03) over 45 min, yet the same rectal temperature at shivering onset (p = 0.9). Independently, nitrate ingestion delayed shivering onset time (p = 0.01), mediated by a change in central thermoeffector thresholds, independent of changes in peripheral heat exchange. Specifically, compared to placebo ingestion, no difference was observed in skin blood flow (p = 0.5), core-cooling rate (p = 0.5), or delta change in rectal temperature (p = 0.7) over 45 min, while nitrate reduced rectal temperature at shivering onset (p = 0.04). No interaction was observed between hypoxia and nitrate ingestion. Conclusion These data improve our understanding of how hypoxia and nitric oxide modulate cold thermoregulation.

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