scholarly journals The validity and reliability of quantifying hemispheric specialisation using fMRI: Evidence from left and right handers on three different cerebral asymmetries

2020 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 107331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah T. Johnstone ◽  
Emma M. Karlsson ◽  
David P. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Cerebral Asymmetries ◽  
Hemispheric Specialisation ◽  
Left And Right

scholarly journals Left-Handers Are Less Lateralized Than Right-Handers for Both Left and Right Hemispheric Functions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah T Johnstone ◽  
Emma M Karlsson ◽  
David P Carey
Keyword(s):  
Scene Perception ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Cerebral Asymmetries ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Measure Of Asymmetry ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Many neuroscientific techniques have revealed that more left- than right-handers will have unusual cerebral asymmetries for language. After the original emphasis on frequency in the aphasia and epilepsy literatures, most neuropsychology, and neuroimaging efforts rely on estimates of central tendency to compare these two handedness groups on any given measure of asymmetry. The inevitable reduction in mean lateralization in the left-handed group is often postulated as being due to reversed asymmetry in a small subset of them, but it could also be due to a reduced asymmetry in many of the left-handers. These two possibilities have hugely different theoretical interpretations. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging localizer paradigms, we matched left- and right-handers for hemispheric dominance across four functions (verbal fluency, face perception, body perception, and scene perception). We then compared the degree of dominance between the two handedness groups for each of these four measures, conducting t-tests on the mean laterality indices. The results demonstrate that left-handers with typical cerebral asymmetries are less lateralized for language, faces, and bodies than their right-handed counterparts. These results are difficult to reconcile with current theories of language asymmetry or of handedness.

scholarly journals Validity and reliability test of screening questionnaires training movement appropriate to elderly people

MEDIKORA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Cerika Rismayanthi
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Personal Trainers ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
A Value ◽  
Personal Trainer ◽  
Left And Right

Increased age experienced by each person will end with the elderly age group, which is vulnerable to various activities due to physiological function decrease occurred. On the other hand, the elderly need to stay alive. Instead of socio-psychological aspects, muscular function, cardiovascular and balance, and mobility aspects are important factors that support our body's work. The assessment in this study uses the questionnaire of "Appropriate Movement for the Elderly" distributed to personal trainers or instructors for the elderly. The results of the validity test can be concluded that G4 (Press the arm in front of the chest) with r count = 0.176 <0.666; G12 (Hyper-extension) with r count = 0.176 <0.666; G14 (Ankle to left and right chest) with a value of r count = -0.78 <0.666; G15 (Russian paver) with a calculated value of r = -0.78 <0.666; G18 (Turn the arm clockwise) with a value of r count = 0.176; G36 (Cow Cat Attitude) with r count = - 0.14; G42 (Raise the sumo calf on the wall) with a calculated r-value = 0.176 <0.666. Whilst, reliability test with Cronbach's Alpha value calculation was obtained at 0.734> 0.60, which shows various types of movements are reliable or consistent. It can be concluded that the questionnaire about screening exercises that are suitable for the elderly prove is consistent for all questions and valid for 40 movements, while 7 other movements (pressing the arm in front of the chest, Hyper-extension, Knee wrists to the left and right chest, Russian paw, Turn the arm in the direction of the needle clock, Cow Cat Attitude, and Raise sumo, raise calf on the wall) were invalid or not suitable for physical activities in the elderly. Uji validitas dan reliabilitas kuesioner skrining gerakan latihan yang sesuai dengan lansia AbstrakPertambahan usia yang dialami oleh setiap orang akan berujung pada kelompok usia lansia, dimana rentan terhadap berbagai aktivitas karena adanya penurunan fungsi fisiologis yang terjadi. Di sisi lain, kebutuhan lansia untuk tetap dapat bertahan hidup harus dimiliki. Selain adanya aspek sosio-psikologis, aspek kemampuan otot, kardiovaskular dan keseimbangan serta mobilitas menjadi faktor penting untuk menunjang kerja tubuh. Pengukuran pada studi ini menggunakan kuesioner “Skrining Gerakan yang Cocok untuk Lansia” yang disebar kepada para personal trainer atau instruktur lansia. Diperoleh hasil uji validitas yang menyimpulkan bahwa G4 (Tekan lengan didepan dada) dengan r hitung = 0,176 < 0,666; G12 (Hiperektansi) dengan r hitung = 0,176 < 0,666; G14 (Pergelangan lutut ke dada kiri dan kanan) dengan nilati r hitung = -0,78 < 0,666; G15 (Puntir Rusia) dengan nilai r hitung = -0,78 < 0,666; G18 (Putar lengan searah jarum jam) dengan nilai r hitung = 0,176; G36 (Sikap Kucing Sapi) dengan nilai r hitung = - 0,14; G42 (Angkat sumo dan angkat betis di tembok) dengan nilai r hitung = 0,176 < 0,666. Sementara dalam uji reliabilitas diperoleh angka perhitungan nilai Cronbach’s Alpha 0.734 > 0.60, menunjukkan bahwa berbagai macam jenis gerakan yang ada termasuk reliabel atau konsisten. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kuesioner mengenai skrining gerakan latihan yang sesuai dengan lansia terbukti konsisten dalam pemberian pertanyaan dan valid sebanyak 40 gerakan, sedangkan 7 gerakan lainnya (Tekan lengan didepan dada, Hiperektansi, Pergelangan lutut ke dada kiri dan kanan, Puntir Rusia, Putar lengan searah jarum jam, Sikap Kucing Sapi, dan Angkat sumo angkat betis di tembok) tidak valid atau tidak cocok untuk dilakukan oleh lansia saat beraktivitas fisik.

scholarly journals Validity and Reliability of the Apple Watch for Measuring Heart Rate During Exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (06) ◽  
pp. E206-E211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Khushhal ◽  
Simon Nichols ◽  
Will Evans ◽  
Damien Gleadall-Siddall ◽  
Richard Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Sensor ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWe examined the validity and reliability of the Apple Watch heart rate sensor during and in recovery from exercise. Twenty-one males completed treadmill exercise while wearing two Apple Watches (left and right wrists) and a Polar S810i monitor (criterion). Exercise involved 5-min bouts of walking, jogging, and running at speeds of 4 km.h−1, 7 km.h−1, and 10 km.h−1, followed by 11 min of rest between bouts. At all exercise intensities the mean bias was trivial. There were very good correlations with the criterion during walking (L: r=0.97; R: r=0.97), but good (L: r=0.93; R: r=0.92) and poor/good (L: r=0.81; R: r=0.86) correlations during jogging and running. Standardised typical error of the estimate was small, moderate, and moderate to large. There were good correlations following walking, but poor correlations following jogging and running. The percentage of heart rates recorded reduced with increasing intensity but increased over time. Intra-device standardised typical errors decreased with intensity. Inter-device standardised typical errors were small to moderate with very good to nearly perfect intraclass correlations. The Apple Watch heart rate sensor has very good validity during walking but validity decreases with increasing intensity.

The three-dimensional structure of frozen-hydrated left- and right-handed forms of bacterial flagellar filaments from an identical serotype

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
S. Trachtenberg ◽  
D. J. DeRosier
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Basal Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Protein Species ◽  
Liquid Environment ◽  
Bacterial Flagellum ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Rotary Motor ◽  
Helical Parameters

The bacterial cell is propelled through the liquid environment by means of one or more rotating flagella. The bacterial flagellum is composed of a basal body (rotary motor), hook (universal coupler), and filament (propellor). The filament is a rigid helical assembly of only one protein species — flagellin. The filament can adopt different morphologies and change, reversibly, its helical parameters (pitch and hand) as a function of mechanical stress and chemical changes (pH, ionic strength) in the environment.

Advantages of Complementary Stereo Images as Viewed with the Low-Temperature Field-Emission SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1314-1315
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Sem Micrograph ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pair Analysis

The eye-brain complex allows those of us with normal vision to perceive and evaluate our surroundings in three-dimensions (3-D). The principle factor that makes this possible is parallax - the horizontal displacement of objects that results from the independent views that the left and right eyes detect and simultaneously transmit to the brain for superimposition. The common SEM micrograph is a 2-D representation of a 3-D specimen. Depriving the brain of the 3-D view can lead to erroneous conclusions about the relative sizes, positions and convergence of structures within a specimen. In addition, Walter has suggested that the stereo image contains information equivalent to a two-fold increase in magnification over that found in a 2-D image. Because of these factors, stereo pair analysis should be routinely employed when studying specimens.Imaging complementary faces of a fractured specimen is a second method by which the topography of a specimen can be more accurately evaluated.

Histological evaluation of cochlear hair cell damage from noise-induced hearing loss in chinchillas

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
R.V. Harrison ◽  
R.J. Mount ◽  
P. White ◽  
N. Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cell ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Acoustic Trauma ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Cochlear Hair Cell ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Contralateral Ear

In studies which attempt to define the influence of various factors on recovery of hair cell integrity after acoustic trauma, an experimental and a control ear which initially have equal degrees of damage are required. With in a group of animals receiving an identical level of acoustic trauma there is more symmetry between the ears of each individual, in respect to function, than between animals. Figure 1 illustrates this, left and right cochlear evoked potential (CAP) audiograms are shown for two chinchillas receiving identical trauma. For this reason the contralateral ear is used as control.To compliment such functional evaluations we have devised a scoring system, based on the condition of hair cell stereocilia as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, which permits total stereociliar damage to be expressed numerically. This quantification permits correlation of the degree of structural pathology with functional changes. In this paper wereport experiments to verify the symmetry of stereociliar integrity between two ears, both for normal (non-exposed) animals and chinchillas in which each ear has received identical noise trauma.

The crystallography characteristic of (Mn,Fe)S single crystal

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-899
Author(s):  
Jiang Xishan
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
Point Group ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Hexagonal Crystal ◽  
Growth Step ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Fcc Structure ◽  
New Discovery

This paper reports the growth step pattern and morphology at equilibrium and growth states of (Mn,Fe)S single crystal on the wall of micro-voids in ZG25 cast steel by using scanning electron microscope. Seldom report was presented on the growth morphology and steppattern of (Mn,Fe)S single crystal.Fig.1 shows the front half of the polyhedron of(Mn,Fe)S single crystal,its central area being the square crystal plane,the two pairs of hexagons symmetrically located in the high and low, the left and right with a certain, angle to the square crystal plane.According to the symmetrical relationship of crystal, it was defined that the (Mn,Fe)S single crystal at equilibrium state is tetrakaidecahedron consisted of eight hexagonal crystal planes and six square crystal planes. The macroscopic symmetry elements of the tetrakaidecahedron correpond to Oh—n3m symmetry class of fcc structure,in which the hexagonal crystal planes are the { 111 } crystal planes group,square crystal plaits are the { 100 } crystal planes group. This new discovery of the (Mn,Fe)S single crystal provides a typical example of the point group of Oh—n3m.

Assessing Functional Language in School-Aged Children Using Language Sample Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-636
Author(s):  
John Heilmann ◽  
Alexander Tucci ◽  
Elena Plante ◽  
Jon F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Computer Hardware ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Functional Language ◽  
School Age ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Language Sample Analysis ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Language Sample

Purpose The goal of this clinical focus article is to illustrate how speech-language pathologists can document the functional language of school-age children using language sample analysis (LSA). Advances in computer hardware and software are detailed making LSA more accessible for clinical use. Method This clinical focus article illustrates how documenting school-age student's communicative functioning is central to comprehensive assessment and how using LSA can meet multiple needs within this assessment. LSA can document students' meaningful participation in their daily life through assessment of their language used during everyday tasks. The many advances in computerized LSA are detailed with a primary focus on the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (Miller & Iglesias, 2019). The LSA process is reviewed detailing the steps necessary for computers to calculate word, morpheme, utterance, and discourse features of functional language. Conclusion These advances in computer technology and software development have made LSA clinically feasible through standardized elicitation and transcription methods that improve accuracy and repeatability. In addition to improved accuracy, validity, and reliability of LSA, databases of typical speakers to document status and automated report writing more than justify the time required. Software now provides many innovations that make LSA simpler and more accessible for clinical use. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12456719

What Have We Learned From Physiological Approaches to Characterizing Dysarthria and Other Speech Production Disorders?

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Etter
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Assessment Measures ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Resolution

Traditionally, speech-language pathologists (SLP) have been trained to develop interventions based on a select number of perceptual characteristics of speech without or through minimal use of objective instrumental and physiologic assessment measures of the underlying articulatory subsystems. While indirect physiological assumptions can be made from perceptual assessment measures, the validity and reliability of those assumptions are tenuous at best. Considering that neurological damage will result in various degrees of aberrant speech physiology, the need for physiologic assessments appears highly warranted. In this context, do existing physiological measures found in the research literature have sufficient diagnostic resolution to provide distinct and differential data within and between etiological classifications of speech disorders and versus healthy controls? The goals of this paper are (a) to describe various physiological and movement-related techniques available to objectively study various dysarthrias and speech production disorders and (b) to develop an appreciation for the need for increased systematic research to better define physiologic features of dysarthria and speech production disorders and their relation to know perceptual characteristics.

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