scholarly journals Validity and Reliability of the Apple Watch for Measuring Heart Rate During Exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (06) ◽  
pp. E206-E211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Khushhal ◽  
Simon Nichols ◽  
Will Evans ◽  
Damien Gleadall-Siddall ◽  
Richard Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Sensor ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWe examined the validity and reliability of the Apple Watch heart rate sensor during and in recovery from exercise. Twenty-one males completed treadmill exercise while wearing two Apple Watches (left and right wrists) and a Polar S810i monitor (criterion). Exercise involved 5-min bouts of walking, jogging, and running at speeds of 4 km.h−1, 7 km.h−1, and 10 km.h−1, followed by 11 min of rest between bouts. At all exercise intensities the mean bias was trivial. There were very good correlations with the criterion during walking (L: r=0.97; R: r=0.97), but good (L: r=0.93; R: r=0.92) and poor/good (L: r=0.81; R: r=0.86) correlations during jogging and running. Standardised typical error of the estimate was small, moderate, and moderate to large. There were good correlations following walking, but poor correlations following jogging and running. The percentage of heart rates recorded reduced with increasing intensity but increased over time. Intra-device standardised typical errors decreased with intensity. Inter-device standardised typical errors were small to moderate with very good to nearly perfect intraclass correlations. The Apple Watch heart rate sensor has very good validity during walking but validity decreases with increasing intensity.

scholarly journals Heart rates and abdominal temperatures of free-ranging South Georgian shags, Phalacrocorax georgianus

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Bevan ◽  
I L Boyd ◽  
P J Butler ◽  
K Reid ◽  
A J Woakes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Diving Behaviour ◽  
The South ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

The South Georgian shag (Phalacrocorax georgianus) shows a remarkable diving ability comparable to that of penguins, yet nothing is known of the physiology of these birds. In this study, heart rates and abdominal temperatures were recorded continuously in four free-ranging South Georgian shags using an implanted data-logger. A time­depth recorder was also attached to the back of the implanted birds to record their diving behaviour. The diving behaviour of the birds was essentially similar to that reported in other studies, with maximum dive durations for individual birds ranging between 140 and 287 s, and maximum depths between 35 and 101 m. The birds, while at the nest, had a heart rate of 104.0±13.1 beats min-1 (mean ± s.e.m.) and an abdominal temperature of 39.1±0.2 °C. During flights of 221±29 s, heart rate and abdominal temperature rose to 309.5±18.0 beats min-1 and 40.1±0.3 °C, respectively. The mean heart rate during diving, at 103.7±13.7 beats min-1, was not significantly different from the resting values, but the minimum heart rate during a dive was significantly lower at 64.8±5.8 beats min-1. The minimum heart rate during a dive was negatively correlated with both dive duration and dive depth. Abdominal temperature fell progressively during a diving bout, with a mean temperature at the end of a bout of 35.1±1.7 °C. The minimum heart rate during diving is at a sub-resting level, which suggests that the South Georgian shag responds to submersion with the 'classic' dive response of bradycardia and the associated peripheral vasoconstriction and utilisation of anaerobic metabolism. However, the reduction in abdominal temperature may reflect a reduction in the overall metabolic rate of the animal such that the bird can remain aerobic while submerged.

scholarly journals VALIDATION OF SMARTPHONE FREE HEART RATE MONITORING APPLICATION DURING TREADMILL EXERCISE

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
Zulkarnain Jaafar ◽  
Aravind Kumar Murugan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Heart Rate Monitoring ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Monitoring Application

ABSTRACT Objective: The number of people participating in leisure sports activities and amateur competitions has been rising sharply. Free smartphone heart rate monitoring applications are readily available for use; however, information on their accuracy during exercise is still limited. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to validate a smartphone free heart rate monitoring application during treadmill exercise in healthy individuals. Methods: This was a prospective experimental study testing the free heart rate app 'INSTANT HEART RATE: AZUMIO.' Twenty-seven healthy participants were requested to perform the treadmill task with four different workloads: walking at 2.0 mph, walking at 3.5 mph, jogging at 4.5 mph and running at 6.0 mph. Participants had to perform the exercises for 3 minutes for each workload, and heart rates were recorded using the smartphone app and ECG at rest, during the exercise and recovery periods at each 60-second interval. Results: Heart rates measured using the free smartphone app at rest, walking at 2.0 mph, brisk walking at 3.5 mph, slow jogging at 4.5 mph and recovery stage were accurate with correlation coefficient value ≥0.95 and standard error of estimate <1 bpm. However, the correlation values during running at 6 mph were inconsistent with a standard error of estimate >5 bpm. Conclusion: The free smartphone app that we tested accurately estimates heart rate at rest, during low to moderate intensity exercise and the recovery period, but becomes less consistent during high-intensity exercise, making this app suitable for use during indoor activities of low to moderate intensity. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

scholarly journals Validity of the Wrist-Worn Polar Vantage V2 to Measure Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability at Rest

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Olli-Pekka Nuuttila ◽  
Elisa Korhonen ◽  
Jari Laukkanen ◽  
Heikki Kyröläinen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Rr Intervals ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Measure Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Parasympathetic Activity ◽  
Rate Sensor

Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) can be monitored with wearable devices throughout the day. Resting HRV in particular, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity, has been proposed to be a useful marker in the monitoring of health and recovery from training. This study examined the validity of the wrist-based photoplethysmography (PPG) method to measure HR and HRV at rest. Recreationally endurance-trained participants recorded pulse-to-pulse (PP) and RR intervals simultaneously with a PPG-based watch and reference heart rate sensor (HRS) at a laboratory in a supine position (n = 39; 5-min recording) and at home during sleep (n = 29; 4-h recording). In addition, analyses were performed from pooled laboratory data (n = 11340 PP and RR intervals). Differences and correlations were analyzed between the HRS- and PPG-derived HR and LnRMSSD (the natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences). A very good agreement was found between pooled PP and RR intervals with a mean bias of 0.17 ms and a correlation coefficient of 0.993 (p < 0.001). In the laboratory, HR did not differ between the devices (mean bias 0.0 bpm), but PPG slightly underestimated the nocturnal recordings (bias −0.7 bpm, p < 0.001). PPG overestimated LnRMSSD both in the laboratory (bias 0.20 ms, p < 0.001) and nocturnal recordings (bias 0.17 ms, p < 0.001). However, very strong intraclass correlations in the nocturnal recordings were found between the devices (HR: 0.998, p < 0.001; LnRMSSD: 0.931, p < 0.001). In conclusion, PPG was able to measure HR and HRV with adequate accuracy in recreational athletes. However, when strict absolute values are of importance, systematic overestimation, which seemed to especially concern participants with low LnRMSSD, should be acknowledged.

scholarly journals Use of a Smart Watch for Early Detection of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Validation Study

JMIR Cardio ◽  
10.2196/14857 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e14857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiko Inui ◽  
Hiroki Kohno ◽  
Yohei Kawasaki ◽  
Kaoru Matsuura ◽  
Hideki Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
The Mean

Background Wearable devices with photoplethysmography (PPG) technology can be useful for detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), which often goes uncaptured despite being a leading cause of stroke. Objective This study is the first part of a 2-phase study that aimed at developing a method for immediate detection of paroxysmal AF using PPG-integrated wearable devices. In this study, the diagnostic performance of 2 major smart watches, Apple Watch Series 3 and Fitbit (FBT) Charge HR Wireless Activity Wristband, each equipped with a PPG sensor, was compared, and the pulse rate data outputted from those devices were analyzed for precision and accuracy in reference to the heart rate data from electrocardiography (ECG) during AF. Methods A total of 40 subjects from patients who underwent cardiac surgery at a single center between September 2017 and March 2018 were monitored for postoperative AF using telemetric ECG and PPG devices. AF was diagnosed using a 12-lead ECG by qualified physicians. Each subject was given a pair of smart watches, Apple Watch and FBT, for simultaneous pulse rate monitoring. The heart rate of all subjects was also recorded on the telemetry system. Time series pulse rate trends and heart rate trends were created and analyzed for trend pattern similarities. Those trend data were then used to determine the accuracy of PPG-based pulse rate measurements in reference to ECG-based heart rate measurements during AF. Results Of the 20 AF events in group FBT, 6 (30%) showed a moderate or higher correlation (cross-correlation function>0.40) between pulse rate trend patterns and heart rate trend patterns. Of the 16 AF events in group Apple Watch (workout [W] mode), 12 (75%) showed a moderate or higher correlation between the 2 trend patterns. Linear regression analyses also showed a significant correlation between the pulse rates and the heart rates during AF in the subjects with Apple Watch. This correlation was not observed with FBT. The regression formula for Apple Watch W mode and FBT was X=14.203 + 0.841Y and X=58.225 + 0.228Y, respectively (where X denotes the mean of all average pulse rates during AF and Y denotes the mean of all corresponding average heart rates during AF), and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.685 and 0.057, respectively (P<.001 and .29, respectively). Conclusions In this validation study, the detection precision of AF and measurement accuracy during AF were both better with Apple Watch W mode than with FBT.

Use of the cardiopulmonary flow index to evaluate cardiac function in Thoroughbred horses

1991 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Guthrie ◽  
Valerie M. Killeen ◽  
Maria S.G. Mülders ◽  
J. F.W. Grosskopf
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Thoroughbred Horses ◽  
The Mean

The ratio of the cardiopulmonary blood volume to stroke volume is called the cardiopulmonary flow index (CPFI). The CPFI can be determined indirectly from the simultaneous recording of a radio cardiogram and an electrocardiogram. The CPFI and cardiac output were measured simultaneously in horses (n = 10) that were diagnosed as having cardiac disease. The diseased subjects were probably all exposed to feed contaminated with the ionophore, salinomycin, and all showed clinical signs indicative of chronic toxic myocarditis. The results obtained from these subjects were compared with those from control animals and significant differences (P 0,05) were found between the mean CPFI of the control horses and those with macroscopically visible myocardial fibrosis on post mortem examination. No significant differences were found between the means of the cardiac output measured in either of the groups of horses. The effect of pharmacological acceleration of the heart rate on the CPFI was also studied. Significant differences (P 0,05) were found between the mean CPFI and the slopes of the regression lines of CPFI on heart rate of the control and principal groups of horses. These differences were greatest at heart rates near to the resting heart rates of the individuals. The CPFI was found to be a more sensitive measure of cardiac function than cardiac output, in the horses.

Heart Rate Responses to Two Field Exercise Tests by Adolescents and Young Adults with Down Syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marie Varela ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Treadmill Exercise Test ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shuttle Run ◽  
Field Exercise

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to determine the reflexive HR responses of 10 young adults (mean age = 18.6 ± 3 years) with Down syndrome (DS) to short, intense field tests, and (b) to compare the HR responses of the subjects in this study to previous studies that reported peak HR responses of young adults with DS during maximal treadmill exercise tests. Each subject performed a 300-yd (274-m) run and the Leger and Lambert shuttle run twice on separate days. Heart rates were recorded by telemetry every 50 yd (45.7 m) during the 300-yd run and every minute for the shuttle run. The mean HRs seen throughout both field tests were equal to or higher than peak HRs previously reported. The peak HRs observed were 10 to 30 bpm higher than those peak HRs previously reported for persons with DS of similar age during a maximal treadmill exercise test. The results of this study suggest that low peak HRs may not be specific or unique to the condition of DS.

Monitoring Work Intensity during Occupational Therapy

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-51
Author(s):  
Marte Bachynski ◽  
G.R. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cardiac Reserve ◽  
The Mean

Patients with physical disability due to leg amputation, stroke, or low back pain performed a graded exercise test on a bicycle or armcrank ergometer. Their voluntary maximum and pre-exercise heart rates were determined and used to calculate their heart rate or cardiac reserve. Patients were subsequently monitored by ambulatory electrocardiography during the occupational therapy activities which made up their respective treatment programs. The peak heart rates for each activity were determined and expressed as a percentage of the patient's cardiac reserve. The means and ranges of working intensity were calculated for patients grouped by disability. The mean values of 24% and 27% of cardiac reserve for the older amputees and hemiplegic patients respectively were low compared to the mean values of 55% found for both the traumatic amputees and patients with low back pain. Wide ranges in values were found, particularly for hemiplegic patients, and may reflect the disimilar degree of disability among patients with the same diagnosis as well as the presence of factors affecting heart rate via the sympathetic nervous system.

scholarly journals Structure, Intensity and Player Duels in Under-13 Football Training in Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8351
Author(s):  
Jonas Uebersax ◽  
Ralf Roth ◽  
Tobias Bächle ◽  
Oliver Faude
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Training Session ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Inactivity Time ◽  
Rate Sensor ◽  
Football Training ◽  
Anterior Direction

We evaluated the structure (i.e., the different training parts), contents (i.e., the various activities used), intensity and occurrence of contact situations and headers during training sessions in under-13 football in Switzerland. A total of 242 players from 20 different teams on average aged 11.4 (SD 0.7) years participated. The participants were filmed during a typical training session while they were equipped with a heart rate sensor. The sessions were systematically recorded to allow for detailed analyses. Furthermore, a preliminary and explorative analysis of the influence of the level of play on these results was conducted. The overall findings indicated that training included 33.4% playing forms, 29.5% training forms, 28.4% inactivity time and 8.7% athletics. The highest heart rates were achieved in the playing forms (166 min−1, 83% HRmax) compared to the other two activities (training forms 154 min−1, 77% HRmax; athletics 150 min−1, 75% HRmax). Each player had 12.8 duels and 0.6 headers per training. Overall, most duels were conducted from the anterior direction. Playing forms induce higher cardio-circulatory load as well as a better learning environment. Potentially dangerous situations like contact with other players or headers occurred in a single player on average every six min during a training session.

scholarly journals The Polar® OH1 Optical Heart Rate Sensor is Valid during Moderate-Vigorous Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. E67-E70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Schubert ◽  
Amy Clark ◽  
Annie De La Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Heart Rate Monitoring ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
Yoga Class ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Rate Sensor

Abstract Purpose Traditional heart-rate monitoring through the use of electrocardiograms or chest-worn heart rate sensors can be challenging in certain sports or in field settings. New technologies, such as photoplethysmography (PPG), have enabled heart-rate monitoring at alternate sites. However, to date, the accuracy and validity of various PPG sensors has not been examined in detail. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the validity of an arm-worn PPG sensor during yoga sequences. Methods Fifteen college-aged men and women participated in a ~45 min power vinyasa yoga class. During the class, participants wore Polar® H7 chest straps and RCX3 receivers (criterion) and Polar® OH1 arm bands on their upper right arm (practical). Mean differences were compared via a paired t-test, heart rate during yoga using a time*device repeated measures ANOVA, and agreement assessed with Bland-Altman analysis. Results Mean heart rates during yoga were not different (mean difference=0.76, 95% CI: –0.54 to 2.06; p=0.229). Yoga created a main effect of time on heart rate (p<0.0001), but there was no difference between devices (p=0.86) or interaction (p=0.90). Mean bias±95% limits of agreement was 0.76±1.30 bpm, with a typical error of 2.42±1.49 bpm and a coefficient of variation of 1.8±1.5%. Conclusions Results of the present investigation revealed that the Polar® OH1 is a valid measure of heart rate during moderate-vigorous exercise. Future validation studies should consider other exercise modes and participant characteristics.

scholarly journals Heart rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice

1992 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Kooyman ◽  
P. J. Ponganis ◽  
M. A. Castellini ◽  
E. P. Ponganis ◽  
K. V. Ponganis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Emperor Penguins ◽  
The Mean

Heart rate during overnight rest and while diving were recorded from five emperor penguins with a microprocessor-controlled submersible recorder. Heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume were also measured in two resting emperor penguins using standard electrocardiography and thermodilution measurements. Swim velocities from eight birds were obtained with the submersible recorder. The resting average of the mean heart rates was 72 beats min-1. Diving heart rates were about 15% lower than resting rates. Cardiac outputs of 1.9-2.9 ml kg-1 s-1 and stroke volumes of 1.6-2.7 ml kg-1 were similar to values recorded from mammals of the same body mass. Swim velocities averaged 3 m s-1. The swim speeds and heart rates suggest that muscle O2 depletion must occur frequently: therefore, many dives require a significant energy contribution from anaerobic glycolysis.

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