AbstractThe present study was carried out to produce a high quality puffed infant rice cereal from rice and mung bean through extrusion technology. Experiments were designed using 3 independent variables (i. e. 14–18% feed moisture, 400–550 r/min screw speed and 125–175 °C barrel temperature) and 3 response variables (i. e. bulk density, water solubility index and degree of gelatinisation) at five different levels of central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The results of optimization demonstrated that 14% feed moisture, 400 r/min screw speed and 175 °C barrel temperature could generate rice-mungbean extrudates with desirable functional properties. The selected extrudate samples were further examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, in vitro digestibility and fundamental nutrient analysis. Notably, the initial oval-shaped particle structure of starch in the raw materials disappeared, the surface debris and roughness increased, and the density decreased. The time required for the gelatinization of puffed infant rice cereal was the shortest, which was in agreement with the positioning of ready-to-eat weaning food for infants. Moreover, the puffed infant rice cereal displayed higher peak viscosity and breakdown value, smaller retrogradation value and greater top taste value compared to the commercial infant rice cereal. Besides maintaining the initial characteristic peak of starch, the puffed infant rice cereal demonstrated characteristic absorption peaks of COO- in the vicinity of 1546 cm−1 and 1437 cm−1, indicating the formation of carboxylate during extrusion. In addition, the puffed infant rice cereal exhibited firm diffraction peaks at the diffraction angles of 7.4°, 12.5° and 20.5°, indicating that a certain amount of starch changed from type A to type V. Furthermore, the digestive rate of puffed infant rice cereal was higher than that of commercial infant cereal (90.21 versus 86.96%, respectively; p < 0.05). Altogether, our findings reveal that the developed puffed infant rice cereal meets the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC; 74-1981).
CFD-DNS simulation of irregular-shaped particle dissolution
