Psychological comorbidity in gastrointestinal diseases: Update on the brain-gut-microbiome axis

Psychobiotics are used to treat neurological disorders, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the mechanisms underlying their neuroprotective effects remain unclear. Herein, we report that the administration of bifidobacteria in an AD mouse model improved behavioral abnormalities and modulated gut dysbiosis. Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 and WX treatment significantly improved synaptic plasticity and increased the concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95). Furthermore, the microbiome and metabolomic profiles of mice indicate that specific bacterial taxa and their metabolites correlate with AD-associated behaviors, suggesting that the gut–brain axis contributes to the pathophysiology of AD. Overall, these findings reveal that B. breve CCFM1025 and WX have beneficial effects on cognition via the modulation of the gut microbiome, and thus represent a novel probiotic dietary intervention for delaying the progression of AD.

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The Gut Microbiome, Obesity, and Weight Control in Women’s Reproductive Health

Western Journal of Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/0193945917697223 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (8) ◽

pp. 1094-1119 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. Leigh Greathouse ◽

Mary Ann Faucher ◽

Marie Hastings-Tolsma

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Health ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Weight Control ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Energy Extraction ◽

Human Gut ◽

Microbiome Research ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Offspring Health ◽

The Brain

The microbes residing in the human gut, referred to as the microbiome, are intricately linked to energy homeostasis and subsequently obesity. Integral to the origins of obesity, the microbiome is believed to affect not only health of the human gut but also overall health. This microbiome–obesity association is mediated through the process of energy extraction, metabolism, and cross talk between the brain and the gut microbiome. Host exposures, including diet, that potentially modify genetic predisposition to obesity and affect weight management are reviewed. The higher prevalence of obesity among women and recent evidence linking obesity during pregnancy with offspring health make this topic particularly relevant. Current limitations in microbiome research to address obesity and future advances in this field are described. Applications of this science with respect to applied nursing and overall health care in general are included, with emphasis on the reproductive health of women and their offspring.

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Gut microbiome and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis may support the membrane hypothesis

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.05.011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 37-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Ying He ◽

Tomasz Kosciolek ◽

Jinsong Tang ◽

Yao Zhou ◽

Zongchang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Psychiatric Research ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Ultra High Risk ◽

The Brain

AbstractBackground:The microbiota-gut-brain axis and membrane dysfunction in the brain has attracted increasing attention in the field of psychiatric research. However, the possible interactive role of gut microbiota and brain function in the prodromal stage of schizophrenia has not been studied yet.Methods:To explore this, we collected fecal samples and performed Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) scans in 81 high risk (HR) subjects, 19 ultra-high risk (UHR) subjects and 69 health controls (HC). Then we analyzed the differences in gut microbiota and choline concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).Results:Presences of the orders Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales were observed at increase levels in fecal samples of UHR subjects compared to the other two groups. The composition changes of gut microbiota indicate the increased production of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), which could activate microglia and then disrupt membrane metabolism. Furthermore, this was confirmed by an increase of choline levels, a brain imaging marker of membrane dysfunction, which is also significantly elevated in UHR subjects compared to the HR and HC groups.Conclusion:Both gut microbiome and imaging studies of UHR subjects suggest the membrane dysfunction in the brain and hence might support the membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia.

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Stress and the brain-gut axis in functional and chronic-inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases: A transdisciplinary challenge

Psychoneuroendocrinology ◽

10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104501 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 104501 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Alexandra Labanski ◽

Jost Langhorst ◽

Harald Engler ◽

Sigrid Elsenbruch

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

The Brain

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Resveratrol Modulates the Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, 5-HT, and Gut Microbiota

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnagi.2020.588044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ji Yeon Chung ◽

Jae-Ho Jeong ◽

Juhyun Song

Keyword(s):

Stress Condition ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Specific Mechanism ◽

Cns Inflammation ◽

Natural Polyphenol ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

The Brain ◽

Therapeutic Substance

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that has anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties against stress condition. It is reported that resveratrol has beneficial functions in various metabolic and central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, depression, and dementia. Recently, many researchers have emphasized the connection between the brain and gut, called the gut–brain axis, for treating both CNS neuropathologies and gastrointestinal diseases. Based on previous findings, resveratrol is involved in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secreted by intestine L cells, the patterns of microbiome in the intestine, the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) level, and CNS inflammation. Here, we review recent evidences concerning the relevance and regulatory function of resveratrol in the gut–brain axis from various perspectives. Here, we highlight the necessity for further study on resveratrol's specific mechanism in the gut–brain axis. We present the potential of resveratrol as a natural therapeutic substance for treating both neuropathology and gastrointestinal dysfunction.

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The Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Dogs Assessed Using Metagenomic Sequencing: A Randomized Control Trial

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1591-1591

Author(s):

Jirayu Tanprasertsuk ◽

Justin Shmalberg ◽

Aashish Jha ◽

LeeAnn Perry ◽

Ryan Honaker

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Randomized Control Trial ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Β Diversity ◽

Α Diversity ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Randomized Control

Abstract Objectives Dogs share similar gut microbiome (GM) with humans, making them a great model for investigating the effects of probiotics (PR) on GM and health. This randomized control trial examined changes in MB and health outcomes in household dogs after PR supplementation. Methods All dogs recruited were fed human grade cooked food ≥ 1 mo, not fed any cultured food, PR, prebiotics, or on antibiotics ≥ 3 mo, and absent of major diseases. Dogs were randomized to receive a daily dose of PR (20 billion CFU of L. reuteri, P. acidilactici, E. faecium, L. acidophilus, B. animalis, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus) or placebo (PL) for 4 weeks. Owners completed a health survey and collected stool samples at baseline and 4 weeks after the intervention in both groups. Additional stool samples were collected 2 weeks after stopping the PR in the PR group. GM profiling was performed with metagenomic sequencing. Results Twenty three dogs in the PR and 19 dogs in the PL group completed the trial (5.6 ± 3.0 y, 69% male). PR had no effect on α-diversity. As compared to baseline, changes in β-diversity at the species level in 4.3% of GM were significantly affected by PR at week 4 (P < 0.001) but not at week 6. A significant increase (adj P < 0.01) for ≥ 2-fold in abundance was observed at week 4 as compared to baseline for 41 bacterial taxa, 29 (71%) of which belong in the Lactobacillus genus. The abundance of E. coli also decreased at week 4 in the PR group (2.8 folds, adj P < 0.01). The abundance of these taxa returned to baseline at week 6. Such changes in diversity or abundance were not observed with PL. Dogs fed PR tended to be at a lower risk of diarrhea during the trial (0% vs 16%, P = 0.08). No change in other health outcomes was observed. Conclusions Oral PR supplementation has a small but significant effect on GM in healthy dogs. Findings warrant further investigation with longer duration in populations at a higher risk of gastrointestinal diseases. Funding Sources NomNomNow Inc.

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Su1992 Regulation of Serotonergic Neurotransmission and Behaviour by the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(12)62131-3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 142 (5) ◽

pp. S-555

Author(s):

Gerard Clarke ◽

Sue Grenham ◽

Patrick Fitzgerald ◽

Rachel D. Moloney ◽

Fergus Shanahan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Serotonergic Neurotransmission ◽

The Brain

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1059 - Glutamate and Hedonic Eating: Role of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis on Changes on Hedonic Eating after Bariatric Surgery

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(18)31074-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 154 (6) ◽

pp. S-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jonathan P. Jacobs ◽

Daniel Braas ◽

Arpana Gupta ◽

Venu Lagishetty ◽

Jean Stains ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

The Brain

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Maintaining the Balance of Intestinal Flora through the Diet: Effective Prevention of Illness

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10102312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2312

Author(s):

Li Zhang ◽

Zhenying Zhang ◽

Lei Xu ◽

Xin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Human Health ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Signal Molecules ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain

The human body is home to a complex community of dynamic equilibrium microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. It is known that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, intestinal peristalsis, intestinal barrier homeostasis, nutrient uptake, and fat distribution. The complex relationship between the host and microbiome suggests that when this relationship is out of balance, the microbiome may contribute to disease development. The brain–gut–microbial axis is composed of many signal molecules, gastrointestinal mucosal cells, the vagus nerve, and blood–brain barrier, which plays an essential role in developing many diseases. The microbiome can influence the central nervous system function through the brain–gut axis; the central nervous system can also affect the composition and partial functions of the gut microbiome in the same way. Different dietary patterns, specific dietary components, and functional dietary factors can significantly affect intestinal flora’s structure, composition, and function, thereby affecting human health. Based on the above, this paper reviewed the relationship between diet, intestinal flora, and human health, and the strategies to prevent mental illness through the dietary modification of intestinal microorganisms.

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Gut Microbiome and Gastrointestinal Diseases

Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science ◽

10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.1.11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 11-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Soonjae Hwang ◽

Sung Hoon Kim ◽

Ki-Jong Rhee

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases

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