The Role of Low-Cost Microsurgical Training Models and Experience with Exercises Based on a Bovine Heart

Fruits and vegetables are foods that come into contact with various types of microorganisms from planting to their consumption. A lack or poor sanitation of these products after harvest can cause high losses due to deterioration and/ or pathogenic microorganisms. There are practically no post-harvest fungicides or bactericides with a broad spectrum of action that have no toxic residual effects and are safe. However, to minimize such problems, the use of sanitizers is an efficient device against these microorganisms. Chlorine is the most prevalent sanitizing agent because of its broad spectrum, low cost and well-established practices. However, the inevitable formation of disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), is considered one of the main threats to food safety. Alternative sanitizers, such as chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ozone, are becoming popular as a substitute for traditional post-harvest treatments. Thus, this review addresses the use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone emphasizing aspects, such as usage, safe application, spectrum of action and legislation. In order to ensure the quality and safety of final products, the adoption of well-prepared sanitation and sanitation programs for post-harvest fruits and vegetables is essential.

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Vanadium doped CaTiO3 cuboids: Role of vanadium in improving the photocatalytic activity

Nanoscale Advances ◽

10.1039/d1na00468a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Harsha Bantawal ◽

Sandhya U. Shenoy ◽

Denthaje Krishna Bhat

Keyword(s):

Photocatalytic Activity ◽

Water Splitting ◽

Dye Degradation ◽

Low Cost ◽

Physicochemical Stability ◽

Photocatalytic Dye Degradation

CaTiO3 has attracted enormous interest in the field of photocatalytic dye degradation and water splitting owing to its low cost, excellent physicochemical stability and structural tunability. Herein, we have developed...

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Do Institutional Transplants Succeed? Regulating Raiffeisen Cooperatives in South India, 1930–1960

The Business History Review ◽

10.1017/s0007680520000884 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Maanik Nath

Keyword(s):

South India ◽

Financial Regulation ◽

Low Cost ◽

Credit Market ◽

Rural Credit ◽

Market State ◽

The Government ◽

Political Economic ◽

Rural Credit Market

The government in British-ruled India established cooperative banks to compete with private moneylenders in the rural credit market. State officials expected greater competition to increase the supply of low-cost credit, thereby expanding investment potential for the rural poor. Cooperatives did increase credit supply but captured a small share of the credit market and reported net losses throughout the late colonial and early postcolonial period. The article asks why this experiment did not succeed and offers two explanations. First, low savings restricted the role of social capital and mutual supervision as methods of financial regulation in the cooperative sector. Second, a political-economic ideology that privileged equity over efficiency made for weak administrative regulation.

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Current role of ultrasound in hemodialysis access evaluation

The Journal of Vascular Access ◽

10.1177/11297298211034638 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 112972982110346

Author(s):

Meola Mario ◽

Jose Ibeas ◽

Jan Malik

Keyword(s):

Turning Point ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Low Cost ◽

Wireless Systems ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Maturation Period ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

Dialysis Nurses

Physical examination (PE) is considered the backbone before vascular access (VA) placement, during maturation period and for follow-up. However, it may be inadequate in identifying suitable vasculature, mainly in comorbid patients, or in detecting complications. This review highlights the advantages of ultrasound imaging to manage VA before placement, during maturation and follow-up. Furthermore, it analyses the future perspectives in evaluating early and late VA complications thank to the availability of multiparametric platforms, point of care of ultrasound, and portable/wireless systems. Technical improvements and low-cost systems should favor the widespread ultrasound-based VA surveillance programs. This significant turning point needs an adequate training of nephrologists and dialysis nurses and the standardization of exams, parameters, and procedures.

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Towards a Glass New World: The Role of Ion-Exchange in Modern Technology

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104610 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4610

Author(s):

Simone Berneschi ◽

Giancarlo C. Righini ◽

Stefano Pelli

Keyword(s):

Ion Exchange ◽

Communication Networks ◽

High Speed ◽

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Modern Technology ◽

Historical Background ◽

Wide Range ◽

Happy Marriage

Glasses, in their different forms and compositions, have special properties that are not found in other materials. The combination of transparency and hardness at room temperature, combined with a suitable mechanical strength and excellent chemical durability, makes this material indispensable for many applications in different technological fields (as, for instance, the optical fibres which constitute the physical carrier for high-speed communication networks as well as the transducer for a wide range of high-performance sensors). For its part, ion-exchange from molten salts is a well-established, low-cost technology capable of modifying the chemical-physical properties of glass. The synergy between ion-exchange and glass has always been a happy marriage, from its ancient historical background for the realisation of wonderful artefacts, to the discovery of novel and fascinating solutions for modern technology (e.g., integrated optics). Getting inspiration from some hot topics related to the application context of this technique, the goal of this critical review is to show how ion-exchange in glass, far from being an obsolete process, can still have an important impact in everyday life, both at a merely commercial level as well as at that of frontier research.

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Engineering Mesoporous NiO with Enriched Electrophilic Ni3+ and O− toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal8080310 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 310 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Xiu Liu ◽

Zhi-Yuan Zhai ◽

Zhou Chen ◽

Li-Zhong Zhang ◽

Xiu-Feng Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Oxygen Evolution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Large Surface Area ◽

Nucleophilic Attack ◽

Title Reaction ◽

Highly Active ◽

Decomposition Of Water ◽

Uniform Mesopores

Tremendous efforts have been devoted to develop low-cost and highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we report the synthesis of mesoporous nickel oxide by the template method and its application in the title reaction. The as-prepared mesoporous NiO possesses a large surface area, uniform mesopores, and rich surface electrophilic Ni3+ and O− species. The overpotential of meso-NiO in alkaline medium is 132 mV at 10 mA cm−1 and 410 mV at 50 mA cm−1, which is much smaller than that of the other types of NiO samples. The improvement in the OER activity can be ascribed to the synergy of the large surface area and uniform mesopores for better mass transfer and high density of Ni3+ and O− species favoring the nucleophilic attack by OH− to form a NiOOH intermediate. The reaction process and the role of electrophilic Ni3+ and O− were discussed in detail. This results are more conducive to the electrochemical decomposition of water to produce hydrogen fuel as a clean and renewable energy.

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Prospects for air policy liberalization in China as a Result of China-ASEAN Open Skies: Changing role of Chinese mega carriers in global scene and anticipated Low Cost Carrier competition

Transport Policy ◽

10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.08.001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 ◽

pp. A1-A9 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Shaoxuan Liu ◽

Tae Hoon Oum

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Low Cost Carrier ◽

Changing Role

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Migrant Farmworker Earnings: A Human Capital Approach

The Review of Black Political Economy ◽

10.1007/bf02903727 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 21-33

Author(s):

Shelley I. White-Means

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Labor Force ◽

Low Cost ◽

Marginal Effect ◽

Capital Investments ◽

Health Capital ◽

Migrant Farmworker ◽

Agricultural Produce ◽

Human Capital Investments

Migrant farmworkers are essential to the supply of low-cost agricultural produce. However, employment earnings of this vital labor force are approximately equal to the federal poverty income. This study examines the role of health capital investments in enhancing farmworker productivity and employment earnings. Health capital investments are found to have a larger marginal effect on earnings than other forms of human capital investments, such as education or experience.

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Role of Small Molecule Targeted Compounds in Cancer: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.694363 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Guoqiang Sun ◽

Dawei Rong ◽

Zhouxiao Li ◽

Guangshun Sun ◽

Fan Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Targeted Therapy ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Small Molecule ◽

Molecular Targeted Therapy ◽

Low Cost ◽

Future Directions ◽

Clinical Drug

Research on molecular targeted therapy of tumors is booming, and novel targeted therapy drugs are constantly emerging. Small molecule targeted compounds, novel targeted therapy drugs, can be administered orally as tablets among other methods, and do not draw upon genes, causing no immune response. It is easily structurally modified to make it more applicable to clinical needs, and convenient to promote due to low cost. It refers to a hotspot in the research of tumor molecular targeted therapy. In the present study, we review the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved use of small molecule targeted compounds in tumors, summarize the clinical drug resistance problems and mechanisms facing the use of small molecule targeted compounds, and predict the future directions of the evolving field.

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Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching for Anisotropic Deep Trenching of GaN Array

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11123179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3179

Author(s):

Qi Wang ◽

Kehong Zhou ◽

Shuai Zhao ◽

Wen Yang ◽

Hongsheng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Etching ◽

Low Cost ◽

Etching Rate ◽

Surface Damage ◽

Device Fabrication ◽

Irreversible Damage ◽

Catalytic Role ◽

Metal Assisted Chemical Etching ◽

Gan Etching

Realizing the anisotropic deep trenching of GaN without surface damage is essential for the fabrication of GaN-based devices. However, traditional dry etching technologies introduce irreversible damage to GaN and degrade the performance of the device. In this paper, we demonstrate a damage-free, rapid metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) method and perform an anisotropic, deep trenching of a GaN array. Regular GaN microarrays are fabricated based on the proposed method, in which CuSO4 and HF are adopted as etchants while ultraviolet light and Ni/Ag mask are applied to catalyze the etching process of GaN, reaching an etching rate of 100 nm/min. We comprehensively explore the etching mechanism by adopting three different patterns, comparing a Ni/Ag mask with a SiN mask, and adjusting the etchant proportion. Under the catalytic role of Ni/Ag, the GaN etching rate nearby the metal mask is much faster than that of other parts, which contributes to the formation of deep trenches. Furthermore, an optimized etchant is studied to restrain the disorder accumulation of excessive Cu particles and guarantee a continuous etching result. Notably, our work presents a novel low-cost MacEtch method to achieve GaN deep etching at room temperature, which may promote the evolution of GaN-based device fabrication.

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