Analyses of planktonic ecosystem structure in coastal seas using a large-scale stratified mesocosm: a new approach to understanding the effects of physicsl, biochemical and ecological factors on phytoplankton species succession

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Species Succession

Analyses of planktonic ecosystem structure in coastal seas using a large-scale stratified mesocosm: a new approach to understanding the effects of physicsl, biochemical and ecological factors on phytoplankton species succession

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeki Harada ◽  
Masataka Watanabe ◽  
Kunio Kohata ◽  
Teru Ioriya ◽  
Masayuki Kunugi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Species Succession

Mesocosms (marine enclosures) have advantages in ecosystem analysis because they are mass-conserved systems, but with biochemical and ecological conditions similar to those of the surrounding water column. Furthermore, our mesocosm (5m in diameter and 18m in depth) developed in the Seto-Inland Sea, Japan (Watanabe et al., 1995) has vertical mixing system to control its physical conditions. Two independent experiments in 1989 and 1991 both in summer showed a high ability to reproduce the physical and biochemical conditions of the water column, underpinning the ability to design desired experimental yet near-natural conditions using the mesocosm. The dominance and population shifts of centric diatoms, pennate diatoms and flagellates in the experiments were explained by the effects of changing nutrient (N, P and Si) availability, the features of the phytoplankton species present and grazing by zooplankton. Two implications for nutrient management to control phytoplankton composition at the site were obtained: 1) Si depletion leads to shifts of dominant species from larger to smaller diatoms or flagellates; and 2) stocks of N and P below the nutricline remaining after depletion of those in the surface layer lead to the dominance of flaggellates, the latter being difficult to observe within small scale experimental systems.

Large-scale mapping of the catenas vegetation in Subarctic tundra

1995 ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
S. S. Kholod
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Ecological Barriers ◽  
Functional Zones

One of the most difficult tasks in large-scale vegetation mapping is the clarification of mechanisms of the internal integration of vegetation cover territorial units. Traditional way of searching such mechanisms is the study of ecological factors controlling the space heterogeneity of vegetation cover. In essence, this is autecological analysis of vegetation. We propose another way of searching the mechanisms of territorial integration of vegetation. It is connected with intracoenotic interrelation, in particular, with the changing role of edificator synusium in a community along the altitudinal gradient. This way of searching is illustrated in the model-plot in subarctic tundra of Central Chukotka. Our further suggestion concerns the way of depicting these mechanisms on large-scale vegetation map. As a model object we chose the catena, that is the landscape formation including all geomorphjc positions of a slope, joint by the process of moving the material down the slope. The process of peneplanation of a mountain system for a long geological time favours to the levelling the lower (accumulative) parts of slopes. The colonization of these parts of the slope by the vegetation variants, corresponding to the lowest part of catena is the result of peneplanation. Vegetation of this part of catena makes a certain biogeocoenotic work which is the levelling of the small infralandscape limits and of the boundaries in vegetation cover. This process we name as the continualization on catena. In this process the variants of vegetation in the lower part of catena are being broken into separate synusiums. This is the process of decumbation of layers described by V. B. Sochava. Up to the slope the edificator power of the shrub synusiums sharply decreases. Moss and herb synusium have "to seek" the habitats similar to those under the shrub canopy. The competition between the synusium arises resulting in arrangement of a certain spatial assemblage of vegetation cover elements. In such assemblage the position of each element is determined by both biotic (interrelation with other coenotic elements) and abiotic (presence of appropriate habitats) factors. Taking into account the biogeocoenotic character of the process of continualization on catena we name such spatial assemblage an exolutionary-biogeocoenotic series. The space within each evolutionary-biogeocoenotic series is divided by ecological barriers into some functional zones. In each of the such zones the struggle between synusiums has its individual expression and direction. In the start zone of catena (extensive pediment) the interrelations of synusiums and layers control the mutual spatial arrangement of these elements at the largest extent. Here, as a rule, there predominate edificator synusiums of low and dwarfshrubs. In the first order limit zone (the bend of pediment to the above part of the slope) one-species herb and moss synusiums, oftenly substituting each other in similar habitats, get prevalence. In the zone of active colonization of slope (denudation slope) the coenotic factor has the least role in the spatial distribution of the vegetation cover elements. In particular, phytocoenotic interactions take place only within separate microcoenoses of herbs, mosses and lichens. In the zone of the attenuation of continualization process (the upper most parts of slope, crests) phytocoenotic interactions are almost absent and the spatial distribution of vegetation cover elements depends exclusively on the abiotic factors. The principal scheme of the distribution of vegetation cover elements and the disposition of functional zones on catena are shown on block-diagram (fig. 1).

Scientific-methodological approach to the substantiation of the rational seasonal scenario of using combine harvesters by large-scale agricultural producers

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-217
Author(s):  
V. Skibchyk ◽  
V. Dnes ◽  
R. Kudrynetskyi ◽  
O. Krypuch
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Combine Harvesters

Аnnotation Purpose. To increase the efficiency of technological processes of grain harvesting by large-scale agricultural producers due to the rational use of combine harvesters available on the farm. Methods. In the course of the research the methods of system analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, system-factor and system-event approaches, graphic method were used. Results. Characteristic events that occur during the harvesting of grain crops, both within a single production unit and the entire agricultural producer are identified. A method for predicting time intervals of use and downtime of combine harvesters of production units has been developed. The roadmap of substantiation the rational seasonal scenario of the use of grain harvesters of large-scale agricultural producers is developed, which allows estimating the efficiency of each of the scenarios of multivariate placement of grain harvesters on fields taking into account influence of natural production and agrometeorological factors on the efficiency of technological cultures. Conclusions 1. Known scientific and methodological approaches to optimization of machine used in agriculture do not take into account the risks of losses of crops due to late harvesting, as well as seasonal natural and agrometeorological conditions of each production unit of the farmer, which requires a new approach to the rational use of rational seasonal combines of large agricultural producers. 2. The developed new approach to the substantiation of the rational seasonal scenario of the use of combined harvesters of large-scale agricultural producers allows taking into account the costs of harvesting of grain and the cost of the lost crop because of the lateness of harvesting at optimum variants of attraction of additional free combine harvesters. provides more profit. 3. The practical application of the developed road map will allow large-scale agricultural producers to use combine harvesters more efficiently and reduce harvesting costs. Keywords: combine harvesters, use, production divisions, risk, seasonal scenario, large-scale agricultural producers.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Drug Delivery Technology

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-516
Author(s):  
S. Pragati ◽  
S. Kuldeep ◽  
S. Ashok ◽  
M. Satheesh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Solid Lipid

One of the situations in the treatment of disease is the delivery of efficacious medication of appropriate concentration to the site of action in a controlled and continual manner. Nanoparticle represents an important particulate carrier system, developed accordingly. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of macromolecular material. Nanoparticles could be polymeric or lipidic (SLNs). Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophile delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophile drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are important advancement in this area. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. In this present review this new approach is discussed in terms of their preparation, advantages, characterization and special features.

Modeling Extinction

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. J. Newman ◽  
R. G. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Self Organized Criticality ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Mass Extinction Events

Developed after a meeting at the Santa Fe Institute on extinction modeling, this book comments critically on the various modeling approaches. In the last decade or so, scientists have started to examine a new approach to the patterns of evolution and extinction in the fossil record. This approach may be called "statistical paleontology," since it looks at large-scale patterns in the record and attempts to understand and model their average statistical features, rather than their detailed structure. Examples of the patterns these studies examine are the distribution of the sizes of mass extinction events over time, the distribution of species lifetimes, or the apparent increase in the number of species alive over the last half a billion years. In attempting to model these patterns, researchers have drawn on ideas not only from paleontology, but from evolutionary biology, ecology, physics, and applied mathematics, including fitness landscapes, competitive exclusion, interaction matrices, and self-organized criticality. A self-contained review of work in this field.

scholarly journals A new approach for the large-scale generation of mature dendritic cells from adherent PBMC using roller bottle technology

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E Campbell-Anson ◽  
Diane Kentor ◽  
Yi J Wang ◽  
Kathryn M Bushnell ◽  
Yufeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Roller Bottle ◽  
New Approach

Kill rate by wolves on moose in the Yukon

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Hayes ◽  
A M Baer ◽  
U Wotschikowsky ◽  
A S Harestad
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Prey Selection ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Wolf Predation ◽  
Kill Rate

We studied the kill rate by wolves (Canis lupus) after a large-scale wolf removal when populations of wolves, moose (Alces alces), and woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were all increasing. We followed a total of 21 wolf packs for 4 winters, measuring prey selection, kill rates, and ecological factors that could influence killing behavior. Wolf predation was found to be mainly additive on both moose and caribou populations. Kill rates by individual wolves were inversely related to pack size and unrelated to prey density or snow depth. Scavenging by ravens decreased the amount of prey biomass available for wolves to consume, especially for wolves in smaller packs. The kill rate by wolves on moose calves was not related to the number of calves available each winter. Wolves did not show a strong switching response away from moose as the ratio of caribou to moose increased in winter. The predation rate by wolves on moose was best modeled by the number and size of packs wolves were organized into each winter.

scholarly journals Controllability and Observability of a Large Scale Thermodynamical System via Connectability Approach

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virdiansyah Permana ◽  
Rahmat Shoureshi
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rank Condition ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Class System ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Controllability And Observability

This study presents a new approach to determine the controllability and observability of a large scale nonlinear dynamic thermal system using graph-theory. The novelty of this method is in adapting graph theory for nonlinear class and establishing a graphic condition that describes the necessary and sufficient terms for a nonlinear class system to be controllable and observable, which equivalents to the analytical method of Lie algebra rank condition. The directed graph (digraph) is utilized to model the system, and the rule of its adaptation in nonlinear class is defined. Subsequently, necessary and sufficient terms to achieve controllability and observability condition are investigated through the structural property of a digraph called connectability. It will be shown that the connectability condition between input and states, as well as output and states of a nonlinear system are equivalent to Lie-algebra rank condition (LARC). This approach has been proven to be easier from a computational point of view and is thus found to be useful when dealing with a large system.

Linguistically Annotated Reordering: Evaluation and Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyi Xiong ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Aiti Aw ◽  
Haizhou Li
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Parse Trees ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Insight Into

Linguistic knowledge plays an important role in phrase movement in statistical machine translation. To efficiently incorporate linguistic knowledge into phrase reordering, we propose a new approach: Linguistically Annotated Reordering (LAR). In LAR, we build hard hierarchical skeletons and inject soft linguistic knowledge from source parse trees to nodes of hard skeletons during translation. The experimental results on large-scale training data show that LAR is comparable to boundary word-based reordering (BWR) (Xiong, Liu, and Lin 2006), which is a very competitive lexicalized reordering approach. When combined with BWR, LAR provides complementary information for phrase reordering, which collectively improves the BLEU score significantly. To further understand the contribution of linguistic knowledge in LAR to phrase reordering, we introduce a syntax-based analysis method to automatically detect constituent movement in both reference and system translations, and summarize syntactic reordering patterns that are captured by reordering models. With the proposed analysis method, we conduct a comparative analysis that not only provides the insight into how linguistic knowledge affects phrase movement but also reveals new challenges in phrase reordering.

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