Changes in maintenance energy requirements of mature sheep fed at different levels of feed intake at maintenance, during weight loss and realimentation

1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Ball ◽  
J.M. Thompson ◽  
C.L. Alston ◽  
A.R. Blakely ◽  
G.N. Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Different Levels

Effect of pattern of energy intake during pregnancy and lactation on sow performance and productivity

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Pauline A. Lee ◽  
W.H. Close
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Component ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Short And Long Term

There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that the ARC (1981) factorial estimates of the energy requirements of the sow during pregnancy are too high, due, possibly, to an over-estimation of the maintenance energy component (MEm). Revised values, based on an MEm value of 439 KJ ME/kg0.75, have therefore been calculated and the present experiment was designed to test these new estimates. An additional feature of the experiment is to determine whether variations in feed intake during lactation have an effect on the utilization of energy in subsequent pregnancies for maternal body weight gain. Since the experiment will be conducted over 4 parities it will be interesting to determine whether variations in feed intake during both pregnancy and lactation influence short- and long-term sow performance.

Evaluation of weight loss protocols for dogs

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Laflamme ◽  
G Kuhlman ◽  
DF Lawler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation

Several canine weight loss protocols were evaluated to determine their relative safety and efficacy. Dogs were fed 100%, 75%, 60%, or 50% of maintenance energy requirements (MERs) using the dogs' target body weights. No indications of adverse health effects were observed with any weight loss protocol. Triiodothyronine (T3) levels and apparent MERs decreased in dogs restricted to 50% to 60% of their MERs. The rate of weight loss was correlated linearly with degree of calorie restriction, although there was considerable individual variation. Percent overweight by the end of the test was not different between protocol groups for dogs fed 50%, 60%, or 75% of MERs. Therefore, any of the protocols tested in this study may be used in the management of overweight dogs; however, individual responses will be expected to vary, and severe calorie restriction may predispose dogs to weight rebound.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding level on efficiency of high- and low-residual feed intake beef steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M Andreini ◽  
Sheyenne M Augenstein ◽  
Carrie S Fales ◽  
Roberto D Sainz ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

Abstract Comparing heat production after ad libitum (ADLIB) and restricted (RESTRICT) feeding periods may offer insight into how residual feed intake (RFI) groups change their energy requirements based on previous feeding levels. In this study, the authors sought to explain the efficiency changes of high- and low-RFI steers after feed restriction. To determine RFI classification, 56 Angus-cross steers with initial body weight (BW) of 350 ± 28.7 kg were individually housed, offered ad libitum access to a total mixed ration, and daily intakes were recorded for 56 d. RFI was defined as the residual of the regression of dry matter intake on mid-test BW0.75 and average daily gain. High- and low-RFI groups were defined as >0.5 SD above or below the mean of zero, respectively. Fourteen steers from each high and low groups (n = 28) were selected for the subsequent 56-d RESTRICT period. During the RESTRICT period, intake was restricted to 75% of previous ad libitum intake on a BW0.75 basis, and all other conditions remained constant. After the RESTRICT period, both RFI groups had decreased maintenance energy requirements. However, the low-RFI group decreased maintenance energy requirements by 32% on a BW0.75 basis, more (P < 0.05) than the high-RFI group decreased maintenance requirements (18%). Thus, the low-RFI steers remained more efficient after a period of feed restriction. We conclude that feed restriction decreases maintenance energy requirement in both high- and low-RFI groups that are restricted to the same degree.

scholarly journals Low-maintenance energy requirements of obese dogs after weight loss

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S93-S96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. German ◽  
Shelley L. Holden ◽  
Nicola J. Mather ◽  
Penelope J. Morris ◽  
Vincent Biourge
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Pet Dogs

Weight rebound after successful weight loss is a well-known phenomenon in humans and dogs, possibly due to the fact that energy restriction improves metabolic efficiency, reducing post-weight-loss maintenance energy requirements (MER). The aim of the present study was to estimate post-weight-loss MER in obese pet dogs that had successfully lost weight and did not subsequently rebound. A total of twenty-four obese dogs, successfully completing a weight management programme at the Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool (Wirral, UK), were included. In all dogs, a period of >14 d of stable weight ( < 1 % change) was identified post-weight loss, when food intake was constant and activity levels were stable (assessed via owners' diary records). Post-weight-loss MER was indirectly estimated by determining dietary energy consumption during this stable weight period. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify factors that were associated with post-weight-loss MER. The mean length of stable weight after weight loss was 54 (sd 34·1) d. During this time, MER was 285 (sd 54·8) kJ/kg0·75 per d. The rate of prior weight loss and food intake during the weight-loss phase was positively associated with post-weight-loss MER, while the amount of lean tissue lost was negatively associated with post-weight-loss MER. MER are low after weight loss in obese pet dogs (typically only 10 % more than required during weight-loss MER), which has implications for what should constitute the optimal diet during this period. Preserving lean tissue during weight loss may maximise post-weight-loss MER and help prevent rebound.

scholarly journals Effects of timing of weaning on energy utilization in primiparous beef cows and post-weaning performance of their progeny1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1198-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aksel Wiseman ◽  
Miles Redden ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
Courtney Spencer ◽  
Ryan Reuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Calf Performance

Abstract Early weaning is used to minimize cow nutrient requirements in situations where feed inputs are scarce or expensive. For many years, maintenance energy requirements have been assumed to be 20% greater in lactating compared with non-lactating beef cows. While not well established, maintenance energy requirements are thought to be greatest in primiparous cows and to decline with age. Consequently, early weaning primiparous cow–calf pairs should improve overall efficiency, particularly in situations where mid-to-late lactation forage or feed nutritive value is low. The objective of this study was to determine the biological efficiency of early weaning and maintenance energy requirements of lactating versus non-lactating primiparous cows. Experiments were conducted in two consecutive years using 90 primiparous cows and their calves (48 in yr 1, 42 in yr 2). Pairs were randomly assigned to one of the six pens (8 pairs/pen yr 1, 7 pairs/pen yr 2) and pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments; (1) early weaning (130 d ± 15.4; EW, n = 6) and (2) traditional weaning (226 d ± 13.1; TW, n = 6). Late lactation cow and calf performance and feed consumption were measured for 92 d (yr 1) and 100 d (yr 2). Cows were limit-fed to meet maintenance requirements, while calves were offered ad libitum access to the same diet in a creep-feeding area. Calves were not allowed access to the cows’ feed. Cow feed intake, body condition score, body weight (BW), milk yield and composition, and calf body weight gain and creep feed intake were recorded. After accounting for lactation and retained energy, there was a trend for greater maintenance energy requirements of lactating primiparous cows (P = 0.07). From the early weaning date to traditional weaning date, calf average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for TW calves. Feed and energy efficiency of the pair was improved for the TW system (P &lt; 0.01). Greater ADG were reported for EW calves during the stocker period (P = 0.03), but there were no differences during the finishing period (P &gt; 0.40). At harvest, BW was greater (P = 0.02) and gain to feed ratio tended (P = 0.06) to be improved for TW calves. The increased TW calf performance offset the additional maintenance costs of their lactating dams, resulting in the TW system converting total feed energy to kilograms of calf BW gain more efficiently.

Tissue mobilisation in Holstein-Friesian cattle selected for divergence in efficiency, defined as residual feed intake

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Waghorn ◽  
K. A. Macdonald ◽  
M. M. Verwoerd
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Friesian Cattle ◽  
Pastoral Farming

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measure of feed (energy) requirements of individuals, relative to the population mean. Two groups, of ~120 Holstein-Friesian heifer calves (aged 6–9 months), which differed in efficiency by ~20%, were reared and mated. Liveweight and body condition score (BCS) were measured from 1 week pre-calving, for 16 weeks. Measurements were undertaken in 221, 59 and 104 of these animals as they entered their first (aged 2 years), second or third calving, respectively. The cattle were managed under conditions typical of commercial pastoral farming, and the objective was to measure effects of divergence for RFI on post-calving liveweight and BCS change, to indicate tissue mobilisation. The measurements made showed no difference between RFI selections for liveweight before the first (466 kg), second (535 kg) or third (569 kg) calving. Selection for divergent RFI did not affect liveweight at nadir (2–6 weeks post-calving), weight loss to nadir, or BCS at any time. Tissue mobilisation and re-synthesis is energetically inefficient, and although a greater post-calving loss from inefficient cf. efficient cows may have been anticipated, this was not supported by the similarity in liveweights, liveweight and BCS change in the selection lines for RFI.

Effect of oestradiol-17β on energy metabolism of steers fed roughage diets

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hunter ◽  
J. E. Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Anabolic Agents ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Promoting

In many areas of the world grazing cattle lose weight for part of the year because the dry standing pasture on offer is of poor quality and animals are unable to eat enough to meet their maintenance energy requirements. In countries where growth promoting anabolic agents are used, a perod of liveweight loss may coincide with the functional life of an implanted agent. There is evidence to suggest that diethylstilboestrol, a xenobiotic with oestrogenic activity, may increase maintenance energy requirements (Rumsey, Tyrrell & Moe, 1980). This has the effect of increasing the rate of live-weight loss under restricted submaintenance feeding conditions (Oltjen et al. 1973). One of the most common anabolic agents currently in use is the naturally occurring oestrogen, oestradiol-17β. However, its effects on energy requirements of animals either gaining or losing weight are unknown.

scholarly journals Enteric methane emissions from growing beef cattle as affected by diet and level of intake

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A Beauchemin ◽  
Sean M McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Barley Silage

A study was conducted to determine whether enteric methane (CH4) emissions from growing feedlot cattle fed backgrounding diets based on barley silage could be reduced through grain supplementation. A second objective was to determine the effects of feed intake on CH4 emissions. Eight Angus beef heifers (initial and final body weight, 328 ± 28 and 430 ± 29 kg) were used. The experiment was designed as a split-plot crossover with two diets and two 8-week periods. The main plot was the diet [dry matter (DM) basis]: high forage (70% barley silage, 30% barley-based concentrate) or high grain (30% barley silage, 70% corn-based concentrate). The sub-plot was the feeding level: unrestricted (ad libitum feed intake, 5% orts) or restricted (65% of ad libitum intake) feed intake. Methane emissions were measured during each sub-plot over 3 d using whole animal chambers. Changing the forage to concentrate ratio and substituting barley for corn did not affect CH4 emissions (141.5 g d-1; P = 0.26), and the average emission was about 10% higher than the emission calculated using the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 approach. Methane conversion rate was also similar for both diets [6.23% of gross energy intake (GEI), P = 0.29], and was similar to the value of 6.0 used in the IPCC Tier 2 approach to calculating CH4 emissions from cattle. Restricting intake reduced CH4 emissions (169 vs. 114 g d-1; P < 0.002), with the reduction in CH4 proportional to the decline in intake. Level of intake relative to maintenance energy requirements was moderately inversely related (r = -0.30; P = 0.04) to CH4 (% GEI). The proportion of GEI lost as CH4 declined by 0.77 percentage units per unit increase in level of intake above maintenance. This study shows that supplementing barley-silage-based diets with corn grain to increase diet quality has only small effects on reducing CH4 emissions. In contrast, maximizing feed intake above maintenance energy requirements increases daily CH4 emissions, but improves efficiency of CH4 conversion because CH4, as a percentage of GEI, declined. Thus, feeding cattle for maximum gain is an important CH4 mitigation strategy for the cattle industry as it reduces the proportion of feed energy lost as CH4 each day, as well as, reduces the number of days to market and associated CH4 production. Key words: Cattle, methane, greenhouse gasses

scholarly journals Effect of the Inclusion of Different Levels of Dietary Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) on Gilts’ Biochemical Parameters and Feed Intake during Lactation

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1881
Author(s):  
Ruy Ortiz ◽  
Manuel López ◽  
Rosa E. Pérez ◽  
Paola de la Paz Ramírez ◽  
Gerardo Ordaz
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Different Levels

The regulation of sows’ metabolic state during the gestation-lactation transition is a requirement for a higher feed intake in lactation, an important aspect in improving animal welfare in current swine production systems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) levels in the diet of gilts during late gestation and lactation on their biochemical parameters and voluntary feed intake during lactation. From day 85 of gestation until weaning, 40 gilts were divided into four groups: GNC (group with no cactus) with a basal diet (BD) only, G1C; group with 1% inclusion of cactus plus BD, G2C; group with 1.5% inclusion of cactus plus BD, and G3C; group with 2% inclusion of cactus plus BD. The dietary cactus supplementation increased the gilts’ feed intake (by 1.04 kg/day on average) during lactation and reduced their weight loss (4.3%) at weaning. The glucose concentrations were higher (range 73.0–83.9 mg/dL) in the GNC. The GNC had the highest triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations at day 100 of gestation. G3C had the highest osteocalcin concentration at day 100 of gestation. The highest feed intake and lowest glucose concentration were achieved with a cactus consumption of 1.04% in lactating gilts.

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