Involuntary Admissions and Guardianships: Differences and Commonalities in Germany and Switzerland

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
G. Stoppe

Germany and Switzerland are neighbour countries and have a long history of exchanging cultural and scientific issues especially - because of the common language - with the German speaking part of Switzerland (about 66% of the population). Both are federal states and laws for psychiatric patients are mainly task of the member cantons / states. However, large differences regarding the “liberal” history between both countries may be the reason for differing attitudes and regulations to involuntary admissions and guardianships. Examples will be given, especially concerning demented patients.

Author(s):  
Daniel Kam-to Choi

The Bible in China, including the different versions of the Chinese Bible that circulate in China and in the Chinese diaspora, is the result of a long historical preparation. The Christian presence in China has a long but broken history; so does the history of Bible translation in China. This essay is a review of Chinese Bible translation history from the seventh century and focuses on the Chinese Bible after the early nineteenth century until the present. It presents a historical review of the Bible editions translated by Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox translators who worked on translating the whole or parts of the Bible into the common language and dialects of Chinese language.


2015 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Вилия [Vilija] Сакалаускене [Sakalauskienė]

Slavisms in Lithuanian Dialect DictionariesThis arcticle discusses dialect dictionaries where words are recorded either from living language or from other, written sources of dialect. Up to now, ten Lithuanian dialect dictioniaries have been published and five are being compiled. Dialect changes along with our everyday life. A lot of words from the old dialect are being forgotten. Those words are no longer being used in the common language as well as in other dialects. In addition, some words gain new meanings. The same processes apply to loanwords which are used in dialects and are included in dialect dictionaries. The lexical system of a dialect dictionary shows the functioning of loanwords and their relationship with the words of the common language.The majority of Lithuanian loanwords are Slavisms, used in those dialects which have had a direct contact with Slavic languages, such as Polish, Belarusian or Russian. Slavisms and loanwords from other languages are marked variously in different dictionaries. In one of them, shortened language names are written in parentheses after the entry, which indicates that it is a word of foreign origin. Other dictionaries simply indicate Slavisms or additionally present the foreign equivalent from which they originate.A number of Slavisms from the dictionaries is analysed in the article. This examplary group are occupation names: kamarnykas (“debt collector”), cf. Polish komornik (DrskŽ 134, DvŽ I 239, KltŽ 97, KpŽ II 161, KrtnŽ 142, ZanŽ I 604); kupčius (“merchant”), cf. Polish kupiec, Belarusian кyпeц (DrskŽ 176, DvŽ I 323, KltŽ 130, KpŽ II 525, KrtnŽ 196, KzRŽ I 407, ZanŽ I 808, ZtŽ 332); strielčius (“shooter, hunts­man”), cf. Polish strzelec, Belarusian cтpэлeц (DrskŽ 352, DvŽ II 299, KpŽ III 876, KrtnŽ 394, ZanŽ III 196); rimorius (“leatherworker”), cf. Polish rymarz (DrskŽ 305, KpŽ III 499, KzRŽ II 176, ZanŽ II 557).Dialects are affected by various linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The intensity of word loaning depends on the outer circumstances of language or dialect. Loanwords only fill gaps in some fields. The research of Slavisms provides abundant material for the study of their origins as well as how and why they spread, and of the history of Lithuanian dialects in general. Slawizmy w litewskich słownikach gwarowychPrzedmiotem analizy są litewskie słowniki gwarowe, rejestrujące słownictwo z żywej mowy lub z zapisów w źródłach dialektologicznych. Język litewski doczekał się dotychczas dziesięciu takich słowników, kolejnych pięć jest w opracowaniu.Zmiany w zasobie słownictwa dialektalnego są pochodną przemian zachodzących w życiu codziennym użytkowników gwar. Wiele starych nazw wycofuje się zarówno z języka literackiego, jak i z dialektów. Niektóre wyrazy zachowują żywotność, ale zmieniają znaczenia. Wskazanym procesom ulegają także zapożyczenia w leksyce gwarowej. Opis leksykograficzny zastosowany w badanych słownikach pozwala śledzić zakres dystrybucji słownictwa zapożyczonego w gwarach w relacji do jednostek języka literackiego.Najliczniejszą grupę zapożyczeń leksykalnych stanowią slawizmy używane w tych gwarach litewskich, które zetknęły się bezpośrednio z którymś z języków słowiańskich – polskim, białoruskim czy rosyjskim. W badanych słownikach zastosowano różne metody kwalifikowania slawizmów. Jedno ze źródeł podaje w nawiasie skrót nazwy języka, z którego przejęta została dana jednostka, inne słowniki sygnalizują tylko ogólnie, że słowo jest pochodzenia słowiańskiego, czasami przywoływane są także wyrazy, które stanowią podstawę zapożyczeń.W artykule poddano analizie wybrane slawizmy wyekscerpowane z dziesięciu słowników gwarowych. Jedną z opisywanych grup znaczeniowych stanowią określania wykonawców zawodów: kamarnykas, por. polskie komornik (DrskŽ 134, DvŽ I 239, KltŽ 97, KpŽ II 161, KrtnŽ 142, ZanŽ I 604); kupčius, por. polskie kupiec, białoruskie кyпeц (DrskŽ 176, DvŽ I 323, KltŽ 130, KpŽ II 525, KrtnŽ 196, KzRŽ I 407, ZanŽ I 808, ZtŽ 332); strielčius, por. polskie strzelec, białoruskie cтpэлeц (DrskŽ 352, DvŽ II 299, KpŽ III 876, KrtnŽ 394, ZanŽ III 196); rimorius, por. polskie rymarz (DrskŽ 305, KpŽ III 499, KzRŽ II 176, ZanŽ II 557).Zasób leksyki dialektalnej kształtowały różne czynniki językowe i pozajęzykowe. Intensywność zapożyczeń leksykalnych zależy od uwarunkowań zewnętrznych względem języka czy dialektu, a luki, które mogą wypełnić zapożyczenia, występują tylko w niektórych obszarach tematycznych słownictwa gwarowego. Analiza slawizmów ukierunkowana na ustalanie genezy i powodów zapożyczania obcych nazw oraz dynamiki ich rozprzestrzeniania się na gruncie litewskim wpisuje się w szerszą problematykę studiów nad historią dialektów litewskich.


Tekstualia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (46) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Alan Riach

Scottish literature is not characterized by having been written in a single, evolving language such as is familiar in a lineage of English literature, English being the common language, notwithstanding the writer’s nationality. Rather, Scottish literature is informed by the understanding that literary expression arises in more than one language and, in Scotland, is created by writers most often working in at least two languages, with new work being published in Gaelic, Scots and English. This essay concerns the issue of multilingualism in Scottish literature, particularly poetry, offering a reading of Scotland’s work which sees this as a distinctive cultural characteristic, as well as a rehearsing of Scotland’s history of multilingual literature. It focuses on a small number of modern Scottish poets, such as George Campbell and Hay Aonghas MacNeacail, whose bilingual (sometimes trilingual) work shows this, challenging assumptions of unitary defi nition.


2018 ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Norbert Morciniec

In the history of the German language of the period between 750–1050, the term “Old High German dialects” is used to characterize the Franconian, Bavarian and Alemannic languages, in which the records from this period are written. The author of the article analyses the meaning of the term in question and explains why the languages of those records have been called “dialects” (despite the fact that the common language, whose dialects they might have been, did not exist at that time yet), and on what grounds they have been called “German” dialects (though the German nationality did not exist at that time either).


2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Donald Finan ◽  
Stephen M. Tasko

The history of speech-language pathology as a profession encompasses a tradition of knowledge generation. In recent years, the quantity of speech science research and the presence of speech scientists within the domain of the American Speech-Hearing-Language Association (ASHA) has diminished, even as ASHA membership and the size of the ASHA Convention have grown dramatically. The professional discipline of speech science has become increasingly fragmented, yet speech science coursework is an integral part of the mandated curriculum. Establishing an active, vibrant community structure will serve to aid researchers, educators, and clinicians as they work in the common area of speech science.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
David Ramiro Troitino ◽  
Tanel Kerikmae ◽  
Olga Shumilo

This article highlights the role of Charles de Gaulle in the history of united post-war Europe, his approaches to the internal and foreign French policies, also vetoing the membership of the United Kingdom in the European Community. The authors describe the emergence of De Gaulle as a politician, his uneasy relationship with Roosevelt and Churchill during World War II, also the roots of developing a “nationalistic” approach to regional policy after the end of the war. The article also considers the emergence of the Common Agricultural Policy (hereinafter - CAP), one of Charles de Gaulle’s biggest achievements in foreign policy, and the reasons for the Fouchet Plan defeat.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (152) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
S. M. Geiko ◽  
◽  
O. D. Lauta

The article provides a philosophical analysis of the tropological theory of the history of H. White. The researcher claims that history is a specific kind of literature, and the historical works is the connection of a certain set of research and narrative operations. The first type of operation answers the question of why the event happened this way and not the other. The second operation is the social description, the narrative of events, the intellectual act of organizing the actual material. According to H. White, this is where the set of ideas and preferences of the researcher begin to work, mainly of a literary and historical nature. Explanations are the main mechanism that becomes the common thread of the narrative. The are implemented through using plot (romantic, satire, comic and tragic) and trope systems – the main stylistic forms of text organization (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony). The latter decisively influenced for result of the work historians. Historiographical style follows the tropological model, the selection of which is determined by the historian’s individual language practice. When the choice is made, the imagination is ready to create a narrative. Therefore, the historical understanding, according to H. White, can only be tropological. H. White proposes a new methodology for historical research. During the discourse, adequate speech is created to analyze historical phenomena, which the philosopher defines as prefigurative tropological movement. This is how history is revealed through the art of anthropology. Thus, H. White’s tropical history theory offers modern science f meaningful and metatheoretically significant. The structure of concepts on which the classification of historiographical styles can be based and the predictive function of philosophy regarding historical knowledge can be refined.


Author(s):  
Philippe Lorino

The pragmatist intellectual trend started as an anti-Cartesian revolt by amateur philosophers and became a major inspiration for anti-Taylorian managerial thought. In the early days of the pragmatist movement, a small group of friends fought idealist and Cartesian ideas. The influence of classical pragmatists Peirce, James, Dewey, and Mead, and some of their closest fellow travellers (Royce, Addams, Follett, and Lewis), grew in the first decades of the twentieth century. Some misunderstandings of the central tenets of pragmatism later led to its distortion into the common language acceptance of the word “pragmatism” and contributed to a relative decline in the 1930s, precisely when pragmatism began to inspire an anti-Taylorian managerial movement. Finally the chapter narrates how “the pragmatist turn,” a revival of pragmatist ideas, took place in the last quarter of the twentieth century.


The present work, The Struggle of My Life: An Autobiography of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, is an English translation of Sahajanand’s autobiography, written in Hindi, Mera Jeevan Sangarsh. It carries an introduction by the translator which briefly deals with the Swami’s life and legacy. It needs to be emphasized that this is not an autobiography in the common run. Its primary focus is not on Swami’s persona; its central theme is the cause of the freedom movement in general and in particular, of the peasant movement under his leadership. It tells of the life and legacy of one of the most uncompromising and fearless freedom fighters and peasant leaders. It covers the social and political history of one of the most crucial periods of our national life, 1920–47. Today, when the Indian peasantry is faced with a number of intractable problems, it reminds them of the struggles of the peasants of yesteryears and the kind of trials and tribulations they went through. It is also remarkable that despite his vast learning and command over Sanskrit, Swami chose to write in simple, colloquial Hindi. That only speaks for his total identification with the masses. Both the teaching and student community as well as general readers would find this book useful, interesting and intellectually stimulating.


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