Inhibitory and monitoring cortical networks during conversion and hypnotic paralysis in FMRI

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 2155-2155
Author(s):  
Y. cojan ◽  
L. Waber ◽  
A. Forster ◽  
P. Vuilleumier
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Cognitive Theories

Hypnosis may induce striking changes in consciousness and volition under the effect of particular suggestions. Popular theories often consider hypnosis as a state of consciousness where volition is abolished, while cognitive theories postulate that it involves inhibitory control processes mediated by frontal lobe areas. Moreover, since the time of Freud and Charcot, hypnotic effects have often been likened to the abnormal behaviour seen in some psychiatric disorders such as hysteria. However, the neural mechanisms of these different conditions and their putative relationships still remain unclear. By using functional neuroimaging methods in volunteers and patient, we can now identify specific changes in brain activity that underlie the behavioural and perceptual alterations observed during hypnosis and directly compare the latter with findings in hysteria conversion. Our recent results suggest both commonalities between these two conditions, as suggested by Freud and Charcot, but also clear differences that are consistent modern views on hysteria and brain functions. Moreover, hypnosis appears to reflect a state of heightened self-control and monitoring, in agreement with some cognitive theories. This research does not only provide novel insights on how the human mind can regulate itself, but also help better understand the neural underpinning of hysteria, a condition standing at the frontiers of psychiatry and neurology since more than a century.

scholarly journals Shared functional impairment in the prefrontal cortex affects symptom severity across psychiatric disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shinsuke Koike ◽  
Eisuke Sakakibara ◽  
Yoshihiro Satomura ◽  
Hanako Sakurada ◽  
Mika Yamagishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Brain Functions

Abstract Background The prefrontal deficits in psychiatric disorders have been investigated using functional neuroimaging tools; however, no studies have tested the related characteristics across psychiatric disorders considering various demographic and clinical confounders. Methods We analyzed 1558 functional brain measurements using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy during a verbal fluency task from 1200 participants with three disease spectra [196 schizophrenia, 189 bipolar disorder (BPD), and 394 major depressive disorder (MDD)] and 369 healthy controls along with demographic characteristics (age, gender, premorbid IQ, and handedness), task performance during the measurements, clinical assessments, and medication equivalent doses (chlorpromazine, diazepam, biperiden, and imipramine) in a consistent manner. The association between brain functions and demographic and clinical variables was tested using a general linear mixed model (GLMM). Then, the direction of relationship between brain activity and symptom severity, controlling for any other associations, was estimated using a model comparison of structural equation models (SEMs). Results The GLMM showed a shared functional deficit of brain activity and a schizophrenia-specific delayed activity timing in the prefrontal cortex (false discovery rate-corrected p < 0.05). Comparison of SEMs showed that brain activity was associated with the global assessment of functioning scores in the left inferior frontal gyrus opercularis (IFGOp) in BPD group and the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, and the left superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus triangularis, and IFGOp in MDD group. Conclusion This cross-disease large-sample neuroimaging study with high-quality clinical data reveals a robust relationship between prefrontal function and behavioral outcomes across three major psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Functional neuroimaging studies of the effects of psychotherapy

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Interventions ◽  
Functional Brain Activity ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

It has been long established that psychological interventions can markedly alter patients' thinking patterns, beliefs, attitudes, emotional states, and behaviors. Little was known about the neural mechanisms mediating such alterations before the advent of functional neuroimaging techniques. Since the turn of the new millenium, several functional neuroimaging studies have been conducted to tackle this important issue. Some of these studies have explored the neural impact of various forms of psychotherapy in individuals with major depressive disorder. Other neuroimaging studies have investigated the effects of psychological interventions for anxiety disorders. I review these studies in the present article, and discuss the putative neural mechanisms of change in psychotherapy. The findings of these studies suggest that mental and behavioral changes occurring during psychotherapeutic interventions can lead to a normalization of functional brain activity at a global level.

scholarly journals Excitatory TMS Boosts Memory Representations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Chun Wang ◽  
Erik A. Wing ◽  
David L.K. Murphy ◽  
Bruce M. Luber ◽  
Sarah H. Lisanby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Temporal Memory ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Science Investigations ◽  
Univariate Analyses

AbstractBrain stimulation technologies have seen increasing application in basic science investigations, specifically towards the goal of improving memory functioning. However, proposals concerning the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive enhancement often rely on simplified notions of excitation and, most applications examining the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on functional neuroimaging measures have been limited to univariate analyses of brain activity. We present here analyses using representational similarity analysis (RSA) and encoding-retrieval similarity (ERS) analysis in order to quantify the effect of TMS on memory representations. To test whether an increase in local excitability in PFC can have measurable influences on upstream representations in earlier temporal memory regions, we compared 1Hz and 5Hz stimulation to the left dorsolateral PFC. We found that 10 minutes of 5Hz rTMS, relative to 1Hz, had multiple effects on neural representations: 1) greater RSA during both encoding and retrieval, 2) greater ERS across all items, and, critically, 3) increasing ERS in MTL with increasing univariate activity in DLPFC, and greater functional connectivity for hits than misses between these regions. These results provide the first evidence of rTMS enhancing semantic representations and strengthen the idea that rTMS may affect the reinstatement of previously experienced events in upstream regions.

Predicting Real-Life Self-Control From Brain Activity Encoding the Value of Anticipated Future Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus-Martin Krönke ◽  
Max Wolff ◽  
Holger Mohr ◽  
Anja Kräplin ◽  
Michael N. Smolka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Future Consequences

Deficient self-control leads to shortsighted decisions and incurs severe personal and societal costs. Although neuroimaging has advanced our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying self-control, the ecological validity of laboratory tasks used to assess self-control remains largely unknown. To increase ecological validity and to test a specific hypothesis about the mechanisms underlying real-life self-control, we combined functional MRI during value-based decision-making with smartphone-based assessment of real-life self-control in a large community sample ( N = 194). Results showed that an increased propensity to make shortsighted decisions and commit self-control failures, both in the laboratory task as well as during real-life conflicts, was associated with a reduced modulation of neural value signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in response to anticipated long-term consequences. These results constitute the first evidence that neural mechanisms mediating anticipations of future consequences not only account for self-control in laboratory tasks but also predict real-life self-control, thereby bridging the gap between laboratory research and real-life behavior.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Source Imaging: A Noninvasive Window to Brain Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin He ◽  
Abbas Sohrabpour ◽  
Emery Brown ◽  
Zhongming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Wide Range

Brain activity and connectivity are distributed in the three-dimensional space and evolve in time. It is important to image brain dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are noninvasive measurements associated with complex neural activations and interactions that encode brain functions. Electrophysiological source imaging estimates the underlying brain electrical sources from EEG and MEG measurements. It offers increasingly improved spatial resolution and intrinsically high temporal resolution for imaging large-scale brain activity and connectivity on a wide range of timescales. Integration of electrophysiological source imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging could further enhance spatiotemporal resolution and specificity to an extent that is not attainable with either technique alone. We review methodological developments in electrophysiological source imaging over the past three decades and envision its future advancement into a powerful functional neuroimaging technology for basic and clinical neuroscience applications.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of SPECT Functional Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia and Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kalyoncu ◽  
Ali Saffet Gonul
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Future Implication

Over the last three decades, the brain's functional and structural imaging has become more prevalent in psychiatric research and clinical application. A substantial amount of psychiatric research is based on neuroimaging studies that aim to illuminate neural mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is one of those developing brain imaging techniques among various neuroimaging technologies. Compared to PET, SPECT imaging is easy, less expensive, and practical for radioligand use. Current technologies increased the spatial accuracy of SPECT findings by combining the functional SPECT images with CT images. The radioligands bind to receptors such as 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A, and dopamine transporters can help us comprehend neural mechanisms of psychiatric disorders based on neurochemicals. This mini-review focuses on the SPECT-based neuroimaging approach to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD). Research-based SPECT findings of psychiatric disorders indicate that there are notable changes in biochemical components in certain disorders. Even though many studies support that SPECT can be used in psychiatric clinical practice, we still only use subjective diagnostic criteria such as the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Glimpsing into the brain's biochemical world via SPECT in psychiatric disorders provides more information about the pathophysiology and future implication of neuroimaging techniques.

scholarly journals Focal neural perturbations reshape low-dimensional trajectories of brain activity supporting cognitive performance

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik K. Iyer ◽  
Kai Hwang ◽  
Luke J. Hearne ◽  
Eli Muller ◽  
Mark D’Esposito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Low Dimensional Topology ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Low Dimensional

AbstractThe emergence of distributed patterns of neural activity supporting brain functions and behavior can be understood by study of the brain’s low-dimensional topology. Functional neuroimaging demonstrates that brain activity linked to adaptive behavior is constrained to low-dimensional manifolds. In human participants, we tested whether these low-dimensional constraints preserve working memory performance following local neuronal perturbations. We combined multi-session functional magnetic resonance imaging, non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and methods translated from the fields of complex systems and computational biology to assess the functional link between changes in local neural activity and the reshaping of task-related low dimensional trajectories of brain activity. We show that specific reconfigurations of low-dimensional trajectories of brain activity sustain effective working memory performance following TMS manipulation of local activity on, but not off, the space traversed by these trajectories. We highlight an association between the multi-scale changes in brain activity underpinning cognitive function.

Behavior in the Brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Monti ◽  
Adrian M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Minimally Conscious ◽  
Brain Insults ◽  
Brain Behavior

Recent evidence has suggested that functional neuroimaging may play a crucial role in assessing residual cognition and awareness in brain injury survivors. In particular, brain insults that compromise the patient’s ability to produce motor output may render standard clinical testing ineffective. Indeed, if patients were aware but unable to signal so via motor behavior, they would be impossible to distinguish, at the bedside, from vegetative patients. Considering the alarming rate with which minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed as vegetative, and the severe medical, legal, and ethical implications of such decisions, novel tools are urgently required to complement current clinical-assessment protocols. Functional neuroimaging may be particularly suited to this aim by providing a window on brain function without requiring patients to produce any motor output. Specifically, the possibility of detecting signs of willful behavior by directly observing brain activity (i.e., “brain behavior”), rather than motoric output, allows this approach to reach beyond what is observable at the bedside with standard clinical assessments. In addition, several neuroimaging studies have already highlighted neuroimaging protocols that can distinguish automatic brain responses from willful brain activity, making it possible to employ willful brain activations as an index of awareness. Certainly, neuroimaging in patient populations faces some theoretical and experimental difficulties, but willful, task-dependent, brain activation may be the only way to discriminate the conscious, but immobile, patient from the unconscious one.

scholarly journals Psychiatric disorders in China: strengths and challenges of contemporary research and clinical services

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Xiao Chang ◽  
Qiyong Gong ◽  
Chunbo Li ◽  
Weihua Yue ◽  
Xin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Clinical Services ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Neuroscience Research

Abstract China accounts for 17% of the global disease burden attributable to mental, neurological and substance use disorders. As a country undergoing profound societal change, China faces growing challenges to reduce the disease burden caused by psychiatric disorders. In this review, we aim to present an overview of progress in neuroscience research and clinical services for psychiatric disorders in China during the past three decades, analysing contributing factors and potential challenges to the field development. We first review studies in the epidemiological, genetic and neuroimaging fields as examples to illustrate a growing contribution of studies from China to the neuroscience research. Next, we introduce large-scale, open-access imaging genetic cohorts and recently initiated brain banks in China as platforms to study healthy brain functions and brain disorders. Then, we show progress in clinical services, including an integration of hospital and community-based healthcare systems and early intervention schemes. We finally discuss opportunities and existing challenges: achievements in research and clinical services are indispensable to the growing funding investment and continued engagement in international collaborations. The unique aspect of traditional Chinese medicine may provide insights to develop a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders. Yet obstacles still remain to promote research quality and to provide ubiquitous clinical services to vulnerable populations. Taken together, we expect to see a sustained advancement in psychiatric research and healthcare system in China. These achievements will contribute to the global efforts to realize good physical, mental and social well-being for all individuals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document