Chapter 2 Linking legacies of the Cold War to arrival of anthropogenic radionuclides in the oceans through the 20th century

2005 ◽  
pp. 23-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Anthropogenic Radionuclides ◽  
The Cold War

Monuments of war: defining England's 20th-century defence heritage

Antiquity ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (272) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Dobinson ◽  
J. Lake ◽  
A.J. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cold War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
World War ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

The editor of ANTIQUITY remembers travelling, as a child, on the main A1 highway to see relatives in southeast England, watching the banks of sharp-nosed Bloodhound missiles ranged close by the road – pointing east, to meet incoming Soviet bombers. The obsolete monuments of the Cold War, and before that of the Second World War, are history now, famously the Berlin Wall (Baker 1993 in ANTIQUITY). Many, like the concrete runways of the airfields, are so solidly built they are not lightly removed. These remains of England's 20th-century defence heritage are not well understood. However, and contrary to popular belief, they do have a large documentation; and it is this, the authors argue, that should form the basis for systematic review.

International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joséé M. Sáánchez-Ron
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Civil War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cold War

This paper studies the tactics developed in Spain to improve the country's scientific capacity over most of the 20th century. Early in the 20th century, Spain sought to raise its low scientific standing by establishing relations with foreign scientists. The tactics changed according to the political situation. The first part of the paper covers the period from 1900 to the Civil War (1936-39); the second examines consequences of the conflict for physical scientists in Spain; and the third analyzes the growth of physical sciences in Franco's Spain following the Civil War, a period in which the United States exerted special influence.

scholarly journals Bacillus anthracis - As Biological Weapons

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Daniszewski
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Cold War

Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists’ point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat.

scholarly journals Istota totalitaryzmu. Wokół teorii Zbigniewa Brzezińskiego i Carla Friedricha

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-199
Author(s):  
Adam Wielomski
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Political ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Famous Book ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

The aim of this text is a contemporary estimation of the thesis formed in a famous book by Zbigniew Brzeziński and Carl Friedrich, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (1956). This is a classic text of Western political science about totalitarianism, simultaneously scientific and political. Scientific, because it presents the idea of three types of political regimes in the 20th century: totalitarian, authoritarian, and liberal-democratic. Political, because the term “totalitarianism” was very useful in the time of the Cold War. This term presents the old (Nazi Germany) and new (Stalinist Russia) totalitarian states as equal political enemies of the USA, equal in their hostility to political and individual freedom, i.e. America’s creed. By using this term, the Americans can create a horrible picture of Russian communism as totalitarian, the same as Hitler’s regime, while presenting old enemies (West Germany, Italy, and Japan) as good friends of both the USA and freedom, because in this moment these states are democratic and liberal. The new term ended the old line of the delimitation between fascist or pro fascist and antifascist states and legitimates the new alliance between the USA and Franco’s Spain. The author analyses the definition of totalitarianism by Brzeziński and Friedrich as well as the political and ideological accusations made against this book by leftist critics.

scholarly journals Global studies and the New Zealand Centre: meaning and potential

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennedy Graham
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Global Studies ◽  
Sovereign Equality ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Dominant Actor ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
United Nations Charter ◽  
Century Thought

Things change with the passage of time. In the late decades of the 20th century, international relations were naturally founded on 20th-century thought – the nation state as dominant actor; sovereign equality as central principle; international organisation as neutral arena; politicalmilitary strategy as guarantor of peace and security; selfdetermination, economic and social development and human rights as emerging norms. The United Nations Charter was the lodestar, despite the paralysis of the Cold War. The challenge was to make the charter work politically.

Alien Sightings and OVNI Culture in Argentina

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. K. Sheinin
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cold War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Cultural Consumption ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Late Night ◽  
The Cold War

During the Cold War, there were thousands of Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) sightings in Argentina (in Spanish, Objeto volador no identificado or OVNI). The mainstream media reported on many of them. In a field termed ufología, some events were explained scientifically or somewhat scientifically; most were not. These sightings and their stories lived on in a culture of thousands of OVNI aficionados and their literatures, frequently spilling into larger popular cultures. OVNI culture disrupts chronologies. It offers a picture of Cold War Argentina that breaks with longstanding popular and academic chronologies that stress a dictatorship-versus-democracy binary. That binary is real. However, OVNI culture superimposes an often-neglected Cold War chronology on the mid- to late 20th century. OVNI stories and their cultural consumption evolve and vary not with reference to violent Argentine political and historical change, but in the context of a larger transnational Cold War culture in an Argentine context. Hallmarks of OVNI culture in Argentina include the enormous influence of U.S. popular culture, as well as references to apocalyptic nuclear weapons, and unscientific notions of psychoses in explaining late-night sightings of spacecraft and extraterrestrials.

scholarly journals The Reincarnation of the Cold War

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Trevor Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Second World ◽  
The U.S

This paper describes the complex challenges to present-day state relations between the United States and the Russian Federation, and how the worsening of state relations between these two powers is indicative of the reincarnation of the Cold War of the 20th century. In describing the complexities of the U.S.-Russia relationship, this paper explores three contemporary international issues that have led to its aggravation. First, it examines the apparent Russian hacking of the U.S. Democratic Party during the 2016 U.S. presidential election, and how such interference is comparable to that which occurred during the 20th century Cold War era. Secondly, it analyzes how the Syrian Civil War, characterized by the United States and Russia supporting opposing sides of the conflict, shares a likeness to the proxy wars of the 20th century Cold War. Lastly, it describes how the Russian annexation of Crimea, and the American-led response to it, are reminiscent of the Soviet and American practices of expanding the limits of their own power while trying to limit that of their rival following the Second World War.

Re-Examining the Canadian Commitment to Peacekeeping during the 20th Century

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
Mridvika Sahajpal
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Middle Power ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions ◽  
The Cold War

No universal definition of peacekeeping exists given the dynamic and contested evolution of this concept over the years. Still, no scholar or student of global affairs can deny that Canada has historically played an integral role in spearheading peacekeeping in various multilateral dimensions. The ‘peacekeeper’ quality has become a part of the country’s foreign policy narrative and national character despite a significant fluctuation of effectiveness over the 20th century. This paper will examine Canada’s commitment to global humanitarianism as a function of the operating global context during and post-Cold War. Specifically, favourable international conditions during the Cold War phase rendered ‘middle power’ peacekeeping to Canada’s advantage; and unfavourable international conditions during the post-Cold War phase exposed Canada’s limitations. Last, the author will briefly discuss Canadian humanitarianism as inseverable from its multilateral obligations. This thesis will be evaluated using a number of high-profile IGO peacekeeping missions from 1956 onwards; and is particularly telling if examining the role of the current Canadian government in peacekeeping affairs.

Totalitarismus – eine kleine Ideengeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-103
Author(s):  
Alfons Söllner
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Political Idea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

Totalitarianism is problably the most ambivalent political idea of the 20th century: it stands for the most negative experience with politics, it was used as polemical weapon within the major political conflicts of the epoch, and it attracted as many ingenious political thinkers in order to clarify totalitarianism as a scientific concept. The essay is only a sketch and tries to reconstruct the variations of the concept throughout five stages: its origins in Mussolini’s Italy, the pluralistic formation in the 1930/40s, the canonization during the cold war, its diminuation in the 1960/70s, and the comeback after 1989. The author argues that it is exactly the multiplicity or even then controversial character of the concept which makes it so significant for the ruptured history of the 20th century.

Regional printing of the second half of the 1940s as a mean of ideological bombardment of Soviet citizens (based on the materials of “Tambovskaya Pravda”)

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Violetta V. Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regional Newspaper

We analyze the influence of the official ideology on the content of the local press. We show exactly how the influence of propaganda was reflected. Actually, it could not be otherwise, as the mass media were financed by the state. We provide examples of how the newspaper agitated, encouraged to act and dictated the only correct interpretation of certain events. At the same time, it is reflected how “Tambovskaya Pravda” became the last instance for ordinary Soviet citizens. In addition to the issues of the main regional newspaper of the 20th century, we use publications devoted to such topics as official propaganda. We note what significance the press had in the first post-war five-year plan. In addition, the impact of the Cold War on the articles content in the newspaper “Tambovskaya Pravda” was analyzed. It is noted that the mass media had influence on the formation of the enemy image in the Soviet citizens minds. Characteristic words, formulaic slogans speak about the similarity of publications. It is worth noting how the newspaper pages note labor feats and vice versa, berated for the failure of the plan and laziness. On the basis of all this, we come to the conclusion that the print media contributed to the mythologization of authorities and the growth of faith in its infallibility.

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