A systematic review of pharmacological activities, toxicological mechanisms and pharmacokinetic studies on Aconitum alkaloids

Breviscapine is one of the extracts of several flavonoids of Erigeron breviscapus. Scutellarin is the main active component of breviscapine, and the qualitative or quantitative criteria as well. Scutellarin and its analogs share a similar skeleton of the flavonoids. Breviscapine has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and its sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease (CHD), and angina pectoris. Breviscapine has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as increasing blood flow, improving microcirculation, dilating blood vessels, decreasing blood viscosity, promoting fibrinolysis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and thrombosis formation, etc. In addition, breviscapine and its analogs have significant value for drug research and development because of the superiority of those significant bioactivities. Furthermore, an increasing number of pharmacokinetic studies have explored the mechanism of scutellarin and its analogs. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research on breviscapine, scutellarin, and the analogs, the structural features, distribution situation, preparation method, content determination method, clinical applications, pharmacological action as well as pharmacokinetics are summarized in the present review.

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The Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Annona atemoya: A Systematic Review

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph13100269 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 269

Author(s):

Bassam S. M. Al Kazman ◽

Joanna E. Harnett ◽

Jane R. Hanrahan

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

South America ◽

Annona Squamosa ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Annona Cherimola ◽

Pharmacological Studies ◽

Custard Apple ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

North And South America ◽

North And South

Annona atemoya also known as the custard apple is a hybrid between two Annonaceae species: Cherimoya (Annona cherimola) and the sugar apple (Annona squamosa). It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical continents including north and south America, Asia, Africa and Australia. Despite becoming an increasingly important commercial fruit plant due to its’ creamy succulent flesh, compared to other Annonaceae species relatively few studies have investigated the phytochemistry and bioactivities of A. atemoya. Studies that evaluated A. atemoya extracts and its constituents were searched through the databases Scopus, Pubmed and Embase from inception to June 2020. Constituents of A. atemoya include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes and acetogenins. The results indicate that the constituents of A. atemoya possess cytotoxic, anti-angiogenic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. However, many of these studies are currently limited in quality and further phytochemical and pharmacological studies are required.

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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Genus Gynura: A Systematic Review

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2020.504624 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Jiah Ning Tan ◽

Shamin Mohd Saffian ◽

Fhataheya Buang ◽

Zakiah Jubri ◽

Ibrahim Jantan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Clinical Studies ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Future Research ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Related Factor ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background:Gynura species have been used traditionally to treat various ailments, such as fever, pain, and to control blood glucose level. This systematic review critically discusses studies regarding Gynura species that exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thus providing perspectives and instructions for future research of the plants as a potential source of new dietary supplements or medicinal agents.Methods: A literature search from internet databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, e-theses Online Service, and ProQuest was carried out using a combination of keywords such as “Gynura,” “antioxidant,” “anti-inflammatory,” or other related words. Research articles were included in this study if they were experimental (in vitro and in vivo) or clinical studies on the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species and if they were articles published in English.Results: Altogether, 27 studies on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were selected. The antioxidant effects of Gynura species were manifested by inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation, modulation of glutathione-related parameters, and enzymatic antioxidant production or activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were through the modulation of inflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production, cellular inflammatory-related parameters, and inflammation in animal models. The potential anti-inflammatory signaling pathways modulated by Gynura species are glycogen synthase kinase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, PPARγ, MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt. However, most reports on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants were on crude extracts, and the chemical constituents contributing to bioactivities were not clearly understood. There is a variation in quality of studies in terms of design, conduct, and interpretation, and in-depth studies on the underlying mechanisms involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants are in demand. Moreover, there is limited clinical study on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species.Conclusion: This review highlighted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genus Gynura and supported their traditional uses to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory-related diseases. This review is expected to catalyze further studies on genus Gynura. However, extensive preclinical data need to be generated from toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies before clinical studies can be pursued for their development into clinical medicines to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions.

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Imipenem dosing recommendations for patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy: systematic review and Monte Carlo simulations

Renal Replacement Therapy ◽

10.1186/s41100-021-00380-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul ◽

Taniya Charoensareerat ◽

Pathakorn Kerdnimith ◽

Nutsinee Kosumwisaisakul ◽

Piyakamol Teeranaew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Monte Carlo ◽

Renal Replacement Therapy ◽

Monte Carlo Simulations ◽

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Dosing Regimens

Abstract Background The appropriate dosing of imipenem for critically ill AKI patients undergoing CRRT remains scarce. Purpose This study aimed to (1) gather the available published pharmacokinetic studies conducted in septic patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and (2) to define the optimal imipenem dosing regimens in these populations via Monte Carlo simulations. Methods The databases of PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect were searched from inception to May 2020. We used the Medical Subject Headings of “Imipenem,” “CRRT,” and “pharmacokinetics” or related terms or synonym to identify the studies for systematic reviews. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model was conducted to predict imipenem levels for the initial 48 h of therapy. The pharmacodynamic target was 40% of free drug level above 4 times of the MIC (40% fT > 4 MIC). The dose that achieved at least 90% of the probability of target attainment was defined as an optimal dose. Results Eleven articles were identified and included for our systematic review. The necessary pharmacokinetic parameters such as the volume of distribution and the CRRT clearance were mentioned in 100 and 90.9%, respectively. None of the current studies reported the complete necessary parameters. A regimen of 750 mg q 6 h was the optimal dose for the predilution-CVVH and CVVHD modality with two effluent rates (25 and 35 mL/kg/h) for the pharmacodynamic target of 40% fT > 4MIC. Conclusions None of the current studies showed the complete necessary pharmacokinetic parameters for drug dosing. Pharmacodynamic target significantly contributed to imipenem dosing regimens in these patients. Different effluent rates and types of CRRT had minimal impact on dosing regimens. Clinical validation of the recommendation is necessary.

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Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Scientific Evidence for Pharmacological Studies of Phaleria macrocarpa: A Review

The Natural Products Journal ◽

10.2174/2210315511666210322161112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Md. Abdur Rashd Mia ◽

Sahena Ferdosh ◽

Qamar Uddin Ahmed ◽

Abul Bashar Mohammed Helaluddin ◽

Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Related Data ◽

Online Databases ◽

Phaleria Macrocarpa ◽

Online Library ◽

Identification Techniques

Background: Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae), usually referred to as God’s crown, Mahkota dewa, Pau, grows all the year in tropical countries including Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia. It is traditionally used to treat haemorrhoids, stroke, heart disease, tumour, impotence, diabetes, allergies, kidney and liver disorders, migraine, acne and skin ailments. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to provide important insight on P. macrocarpa’s traditional use, toxicity, classification of compounds, and pharmacological activities thus identifying the gap in scientific analysis and potential analytical opportunities for future directions on this herb. Method: The related data for this systematic review were collected from renowned online databases, namely Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, Springer Link, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google scholar. Results: Around 48 compounds, including benzophenone, xanthonoids, norcucurbitacin derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, fatty acids and esters, phytosterols, aromatic acids and so on were identified from different parts. These constituents and different solvent extracts using various identification techniques have been reported to show a broad range of pharmacological activities. Besides various traditional claims and pharmacological functions, scientific evidence on its ethnopharmacological aspects has been well-documented. Studies found that the plant demonstrates antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-hypercholesterolemia and antihypertensive. Conclusion: Despite various claims, there is still inadequate scientific evidence particularly on P. macrocarpa’s benefit in the management of dysentery, asthma, skin diseases and rheumatoid arthritis, necessitates future studies. There is also a need to test its pharmacokinetics and toxicological data on humans to verify its potential bioactive properties.

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Population Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam: a Systematic Review

Current Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1574884716666210223110658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Janthima Methaneethorn ◽

Nattawut Leelakanok

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Sample Size ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Compartment Model ◽

Small Sample ◽

Future Research ◽

Population Pharmacokinetic ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Clinical Implementation ◽

Mixed Effect

Background: The use of levetiracetam (LEV) has been increasing given its favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Numerous population pharmacokinetic studies for LEV have been conducted. However, there are some discrepancies regarding factors affecting its pharmacokinetic variability. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to summarize significant predictors for LEV pharmacokinetics as well as the need for dosage adjustments. Methods: We performed a systematic search for population pharmacokinetic studies of LEV conducted using a nonlinear-mixed effect approach from PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL Complete, and Science Direct databases from their inception to March 2020. Information on study design, model methodologies, significant covariate-parameter relationships, and model evaluation was extracted. The quality of the reported studies was also assessed. Results: A total of 16 studies were included in this review. Only two studies were conducted with a two-compartment model, while the rest were performed with a one-compartment structure. Bodyweight and creatinine clearance were the two most frequently identified covariates on LEV clearance (CLLEV). Additionally, postmenstrual age (PMA) or postnatal age (PNA) were significant predictors for CLLEV in neonates. Only three studies externally validated the models. Two studies conducted pharmacodynamic models for LEV with relatively small sample size. Conclusion: Significant predictors for LEV pharmacokinetics are highlighted in this review. For future research, a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model using a larger sample size should be conducted. From a clinical perspective, the published models should be externally evaluated before clinical implementation.

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An over view of medicinal uses of Ayurvedic drug Pippali (piper longum)

National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science ◽

10.52482/ayurlog.v7i4.391 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Prashant Sakharam Bhokardankar

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Therapeutic Agent ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Medicinal Uses ◽

Piper Longum ◽

Review Criterion ◽

Phytochemical Constituents

Background: Pippali, Piper longum (P.longum) usually called pippali which is a member of the Piperaceae family, is frequently used medicinal herb in Ayurved, Unani & Siddha system of medicine. In traditional medicine world it is being used to treat most of the systemic disorders. This systematic review was conducted with an objective to search, explore & compile the phytochemical constituents & their efficacies both in modern and traditional part to understand as a potential therapeutic agent. Material & method: Published details scientific literature on P. Longum by various research scholars, organizations & Pharmacopeias were reviewed. The review criterion was restricted to bio-efficacy and phyto-pharmacological activities of longum. Results and Conclusions: This review shows various experimental studies conducted on Bio-active compounds isolated from P. longum has prospective uses as anticancer, antilipidemic, antifungal and radioprotective.

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