scholarly journals Giving the Treaty a Purpose: Comparing the Durability of Treaties and Executive Agreements

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-89
Author(s):  
Julian Nyarko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Executive Agreements

AbstractScholars have argued that Senate-approved treaties are becoming increasingly irrelevant in the United States, because their role can be fulfilled by their close but less politically costly cousin, the congressional-executive agreement. This study demonstrates that treaties are more durable than congressional-executive agreements, supporting the view that there are qualitative differences between the two instruments. Abandoning the treaty may therefore lead to unintended consequences by decreasing the tools that the executive has available to design optimal agreements.

scholarly journals Healthy Birth Practice #4: Avoid Interventions Unless They Are Medically Necessary

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Judith A. Lothian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Maternity Care ◽  
Fetal Monitoring ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Intravenous Fluids ◽  
Electronic Fetal Monitoring ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Continuous Electronic Fetal Monitoring

Maternity care in the United States continues to be intervention intensive. The routine use of intravenous fluids, restrictions on eating and drinking, continuous electronic fetal monitoring, epidural analgesia, and augmentation of labor characterize most U.S. births. The use of episiotomy has decreased but is still higher than it should be. These interventions disturb the normal physiology of labor and birth and restrict women's ability to cope with labor. The result is a cascade of interventions that increase risk, including the risk of cesarean surgery, for women and babies. This paper describes the use and effect of routine interventions on the physiologic process of labor and birth and identifies the unintended consequences resulting from the routine use of these interventions in labor and birth.

Planning or Improvisation

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge

This chapter assesses the role of planning in the design of governance strategies. Enthusiasm for large-scale planning—also known as overall, comprehensive, long-term, economic, or social planning—boomed and collapsed in twentieth century. At the start of that century, progressive reformers seized on planning as the remedy for the United States' social and economic woes. By the end of the twentieth century, enthusiasm for large-scale planning had collapsed. Plans could be made, but they were unlikely to be obeyed, and even if they were obeyed, they were unlikely to work as predicted. The chapter then explains that leaders should make plans while being realistic about the limits of planning. It is necessary to exercise foresight, set priorities, and design policies that seem likely to accomplish those priorities. Simply by doing this, leaders encourage coordination among individuals and businesses, through conversation about goals and tactics. Neither is imperfect knowledge a total barrier to planning. There is no “law” of unintended consequences: it is not inevitable that government actions will produce entirely unexpected results. The more appropriate stance is modesty about what is known and what can be achieved. Plans that launch big schemes on brittle assumptions are more likely to fail. Plans that proceed more tentatively, that allow room for testing, learning, and adjustment, are less likely to collapse in the face of unexpected results.

Reassessing War

2019 ◽  
pp. 167-180
Author(s):  
Chia Youyee Vang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The Us

Chapter 9 presents interviewees’ reflections as they reassess the war and its impact. The interviewees explore the unintended consequences of the Hmong’s entanglement with the CIA during the US war in Southeast Asia. They measure the losses and upheavals of the war against an appreciation of the subsequent opportunities that came with resettlement in the United States. They revisit betrayals and resentments and express gratitude and pride. Their recollections consist of contradictory viewpoints and perspectives as they struggle to make sense of the war and its enduring legacy. Additionally, the chapter addresses their competing memories and varied truths as narrators.

scholarly journals Challenges and Strategies for Promoting Children’s Education: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Immigrant Parenting in the United States and Singapore

Genealogy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhou ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Immigrant Parents ◽  
Chinese Immigrant ◽  
Parenting Strategies ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
Children’S Education

Confucian heritage culture holds that a good education is the path to upward social mobility as well as the road to realizing an individual’s fullest potential in life. In both China and Chinese diasporic communities around the world, education is of utmost importance and is central to childrearing in the family. In this paper, we address one of the most serious resettlement issues that new Chinese immigrants face—children’s education. We examine how receiving contexts matter for parenting, what immigrant parents do to promote their children’s education, and what enables parenting strategies to yield expected outcomes. Our analysis is based mainly on data collected from face-to-face interviews and participant observations in Chinese immigrant communities in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and in Singapore. We find that, despite different contexts of reception, new Chinese immigrant parents hold similar views and expectations on children’s education, are equally concerned about achievement outcomes, and tend to adopt overbearing parenting strategies. We also find that, while the Chinese way of parenting is severely contested in the processes of migration and adaptation, the success in promoting children’s educational excellence involves not only the right set of culturally specific strategies but also tangible support from host-society institutions and familial and ethnic social networks. We discuss implications and unintended consequences of overbearing parenting.

scholarly journals Cannabis Use and the Onset of Cigarette and E-cigarette Use: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study Among Youth in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea H Weinberger ◽  
Jiaqi Zhu ◽  
Joun Lee ◽  
Shu Xu ◽  
Renee D Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Introduction Cigarette use is declining among youth in the United States, whereas cannabis use and e-cigarette use are increasing. Cannabis use has been linked with increased uptake and persistence of cigarette smoking among adults. The goal of this study was to examine whether cannabis use is associated with the prevalence and incidence of cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual product use among U.S. youth. Methods Data included U.S. youth ages 12–17 from two waves of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (Wave 1 youth, n = 13 651; Wave 1 tobacco-naive youth, n = 10 081). Weighted logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Wave 1 cannabis use and (1) Wave 1 prevalence of cigarette/e-cigarette use among Wave 1 youth and (2) Wave 2 incidence of cigarette/e-cigarette use among Wave 1 tobacco-naive youth. Analyses were run unadjusted and adjusted for demographics and internalizing/externalizing problem symptoms. Results Wave 1 cigarette and e-cigarette use were significantly more common among youth who used versus did not use cannabis. Among Wave 1 tobacco-naive youth, Wave 1 cannabis use was associated with significantly increased incidence of cigarette and e-cigarette use by Wave 2. Conclusions Youth who use cannabis are more likely to report cigarette and e-cigarette use, and cannabis use is associated with increased risk of initiation of cigarette and e-cigarette use over 1 year. Continued success in tobacco control—specifically toward reducing smoking among adolescents—may require focusing on cannabis, e-cigarette, and cigarette use in public health education, outreach, and intervention efforts. Implications These data extend our knowledge of cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth by showing that cannabis use is associated with increased prevalence and incidence of cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth, relative to youth who do not use cannabis. The increasing popularity of cannabis use among youth and diminished perceptions of risk, coupled with the strong link between cannabis use and tobacco use, may have unintended consequences for cigarette control efforts among youth.

Why Do States Privatize their Prisons? The Unintended Consequences of Inmate Litigation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Anna Gunderson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
State Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
Prison Privatization ◽  
Legal Pressure ◽  
Fiscal Pressure ◽  
Economic Considerations

The United States has witnessed privatization of a variety of government functions over the last three decades. Media and politicians often attribute the decision to privatize to ideological commitments to small government and fiscal pressure. These claims are particularly notable in the context of prison privatization, where states and the federal government have employed private companies to operate and manage private correctional facilities. I argue that state prison privatization is not a function of simple ideological or economic considerations. Rather, prison privatization has been an unintended consequence of the administrative and legal costs associated with litigation brought by prisoners. I assemble an original database of prison privatization in the United States and demonstrate that the privatization of prisons is best predicted by the legal pressure on state corrections systems, rather than the ideological orientation of a state government.

scholarly journals Unintended Consequences of the New National Kidney Allocation Policy in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2465-2469 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Tambur ◽  
K. M. K. Haarberg ◽  
J. J. Friedewald ◽  
J. R. Leventhal ◽  
M. F. Cusick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Kidney Allocation

Emergency management policies and natural hazards in the United States: A state-level analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Luis M. Pinet-Peralta, PhD ◽  
Rick Bissell, PhD ◽  
Katrina Hein, BSc, MSc ◽  
David Prakash, MSc
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Disaster Relief ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Political Effects ◽  
Response And Recovery

Every year, natural hazards kill and injure hundreds of people and also have significant social, economic, and political effects on society. However, not all disasters or crises are the focus of state, regional, or national efforts to mitigate their effects. In this article, the authors use Wilson’s policy typology to describe the unintended consequences that disaster legislation has had on the distribution of costs and benefits of disaster relief programs in the United States. The data provide evidence that the concentration of disaster relief programs for natural disasters is not based on need and that interest groups commonly drive disaster policies to benefit those with the greatest risk for losses rather than those in greatest need. Policymakers can use this information to examine both intended and unintended consequences of disaster response and recovery policies and can orient the limited resources available toward those who are least capable of recovering from natural disasters.

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