PERMISSIVISM AND THE ARBITRARINESS OBJECTION

Episteme ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mark simpson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Rational Belief ◽  
Belief Formation ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Doxastic Attitude ◽  
Epistemic Standards ◽  
Bodies Of Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTPermissivism says that for some propositions and bodies of evidence, there is more than one rationally permissible doxastic attitude that can be taken towards that proposition given the evidence. Some critics of this view argue that it condones, as rationally acceptable, sets of attitudes that manifest an untenable kind of arbitrariness. I begin by providing a new and more detailed explication of what this alleged arbitrariness consists in. I then explain why Miriam Schoenfield's prima facie promising attempt to answer the Arbitrariness Objection, by appealing to the role of epistemic standards in rational belief formation, fails to resolve the problem. Schoenfield's strategy is, however, a useful one, and I go on to explain how an alternative form of the standards-based approach to Permissivism – one that emphasizes the significance of the relationship between people's cognitive abilities and the epistemic standards that they employ – can respond to the arbitrariness objection.

«Quanta» Language Consciousness and Problems in the Functioning of the Communicative Norms

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Татьяна Черкашина ◽  
Tatiana Cherkashina ◽  
Н. Новикова ◽  
N. Novikova ◽  
О. Трубина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the conceptualization of the world from the point of view of its methodological paradigm assessment in the context of the globalizing world. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between language and human speech activity is given. The authors explain the role of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the formation of worldview systems that develop in the consciousness with the help of minimal units of human experience in their ideal meaningful representation in special concepts, which allows the individual to think within the boundaries of a certain linguistic picture of the world. Analyzes the problems of the functioning of communicative norms with regard to the hierarchy of the spiritual representations of the world. The article attempts to consider the impact of the “blurring” of the information boundaries of the globalizing world on the cognitive abilities of the individual in the nomination, qualification of the subject, phenomenon, process.

scholarly journals Length of the Neurogenic Period—A Key Determinant for the Generation of Upper-Layer Neurons During Neocortex Development and Evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara K. Stepien ◽  
Samir Vaid ◽  
Wieland B. Huttner
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Cortical Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Development And Evolution

The neocortex, a six-layer neuronal brain structure that arose during the evolution of, and is unique to, mammals, is the seat of higher order brain functions responsible for human cognitive abilities. Despite its recent evolutionary origin, it shows a striking variability in size and folding complexity even among closely related mammalian species. In most mammals, cortical neurogenesis occurs prenatally, and its length correlates with the length of gestation. The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, notably in human, is associated with an increase in the number of neurons, particularly within its upper layers. Various mechanisms have been proposed and investigated to explain the evolutionary enlargement of the human neocortex, focussing in particular on changes pertaining to neural progenitor types and their division modes, driven in part by the emergence of human-specific genes with novel functions. These led to an amplification of the progenitor pool size, which affects the rate and timing of neuron production. In addition, in early theoretical studies, another mechanism of neocortex expansion was proposed—the lengthening of the neurogenic period. A critical role of neurogenic period length in determining neocortical neuron number was subsequently supported by mathematical modeling studies. Recently, we have provided experimental evidence in rodents directly supporting the mechanism of extending neurogenesis to specifically increase the number of upper-layer cortical neurons. Moreover, our study examined the relationship between cortical neurogenesis and gestation, linking the extension of the neurogenic period to the maternal environment. As the exact nature of factors promoting neurogenic period prolongation, as well as the generalization of this mechanism for evolutionary distinct lineages, remain elusive, the directions for future studies are outlined and discussed.

Royal justice: The Dīvān-i Hümāyūn and the Dīwān al-ʿĀlī

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Evidence And Proof ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 3 examines in detail two institutions which represented the direct involvement of the empire’s executive authorities in the mundane administration of justice: the Dīvān-i Hümāyūn (Imperial Council) and the Dīwān al-ʿĀlī (Ottoman governor’s tribunal). The chapter demonstrates considerable overlap in the jurisdictions and caseloads of these institutions and the sharīʿa courts. It then seeks to understand the relationship between these institutions by focusing on the role of particular officials within them. In particular, it explores the role of the qāḍī, arguing that the qāḍī’s essential role was the determination of facts through the application of procedure, and that he performed this role within or on behalf of all of these institutions. Rather than representing an alternative form of justice, in line with some theories of maẓālim and siyāsa, the Dīvān-i Hümāyūn and the Dīwān al-ʿĀlī shared the same essential attitude towards evidence and proof as the sharīʿa courts.

The role of inhibitory control in shoot/don’t-shoot decisions

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110419
Author(s):  
Adam T Biggs ◽  
Kyle A Pettijohn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Emotion Detection ◽  
The Relationship

Previous work has demonstrated a link between cognitive abilities, specifically inhibitory control and lethal force decision-making performance. However, many previously used approaches to simulating shoot/don’t shoot scenarios have lacked ecological validity. There is a need to investigate how inhibitory control impacts shoot/don’t decisions using realistic simulations to better translate the findings to military and law enforcement settings. This study used multiple cognitive control tasks incorporating discrete judgements in go/no-go and stop signal tasks as well as subjective judgements in go/no-go tasks with both colour stimuli and emotional faces. These combined tasks provided a comprehensive evaluation of inhibitory control abilities. To ensure ecological validity in shooting performance, existing military training scenarios incorporated realistic weaponry and aiming behaviours across different shoot/don’t-shoot simulations. The inhibitory control battery identified five principal components from the various tasks, including: stopping ability, response speed, emotion detection, colour detection, and emotional biases. These principal inhibitory control components were entered into hierarchical linear regressions with the dependent variables of unintended casualties inflicted and lethal rounds fired, respectively. Stopping ability better predicted the likelihood of inflicting an unintended casualty, whereas response speed better predicted the number of lethal rounds fired. These regression models included baseline metrics of marksmanship and shots fired, which supports a role for inhibitory control above and beyond basic shooting abilities or strategy. These collective findings provide mechanistic support for the relationship between inhibitory control and errors in shoot/don’t-shoot decision-making while using realistic military training scenarios.

Relationship between Multimorbidity and Cognitive Decline Moderated by Social Health

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Social Demographic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mediator Variable

Background and Objectives: Multimorbidity is one of the important problems in health that can lead to cognitive decline. There is notable literature revealing that multimorbidity and cognitive ability are associated with social health and social-related activity. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the role of social health in the relationship between multimorbidity and cognitive decline. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on all elderly people aged 70 years and above referring to the outpatient clinics of hospitals in Tehran, Iran, within July-September 2019. The volunteer samples (n=270) were selected from three randomly selected hospitals, namely Imam Khomeini, Sina, and Shariati, using the availability sampling method. The instruments of the study included questionnaires, namely a social-demographic form, the Chronic Diseases Checklist, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Test, and Social Health Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using linear regression. Results: The results showed that MoCA (cognitive decline) had a significant relationship with multimorbidity (β=0.58, 95% CI: 0.62-0.54, P<0.001) and social health (β=-0.21, 95% CI: -0.26. -0.16, P<0.001). Moreover, the findings indicated that social health was a mediator variable between multimorbidity and cognitive decline (β=0.12, 95% CI: 0.09-0.14, P<0.001), in which the amplification of social health would modulate the negative effect of multimorbidity on cognition ability. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, social health was a moderating variable in the relationship between multimorbidity and cognitive decline. In the other words, social health was a protective factor against a particular risk factor, such as multimorbidity, in protecting cognitive abilities.

Controversies in the study of word learning

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1124-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
The Relationship

How Children Learn the Meanings of Words (HCLMW) defends the theory that words are learned through sophisticated and early-emerging cognitive abilities that have evolved for other purposes; there is no dedicated mental mechanism that is special to word learning. The commentators raise a number of challenges to this theory: Does it correctly characterize the nature and development of early abilities? Does it attribute too much to children, or too little? Does it only apply to nouns, or can it also explain the acquisition of words such as verbs and determiners? More general issues are discussed as well, including the role of the input, the relationship between words and concepts, and debates over nativism, adaptationism, and modularity.

scholarly journals Socjalizacja poznawcza jako (d)efekt kształcenia szkolnego (na tle rozważań nad kulturowym kontekstem konstruowania struktur poznawczych człowieka)

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Astrid Męczkowska-Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
School Education ◽  
Cognitive Structures ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Contemporary Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Issues taken in the presented article refer to the relationship bet ween culture, the development of human cognitive structures, and school education. Starting from the theses presented within the discourse of contemporary cultural psychology I analyse the role of culture in the development of human cognitive abilities, where further references to the concept of cognitive socialization are made. Finally I make an attempt to point out the principles of effective cognitive socialization in the area of formal education which provides the basis for a sketchy evaluation of the impact of contemporary education on the effects of the cognitive socialization process.

scholarly journals The Role of Sleep Quality, Trait Anxiety and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Measures in Cognitive Abilities of Healthy Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7600
Author(s):  
Javier Labad ◽  
Neus Salvat-Pujol ◽  
Antonio Armario ◽  
Ángel Cabezas ◽  
Aida de Arriba-Arnau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
The Relationship

Sleep plays a crucial role in cognitive processes. Sleep and wake memory consolidation seem to be regulated by glucocorticoids, pointing out the potential role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive abilities. Trait anxiety is another factor that is likely to moderate the relationship between sleep and cognition, because poorer sleep quality and subtle HPA axis abnormalities have been reported in people with high trait anxiety. The current study aimed to explore whether HPA axis activity or trait anxiety moderate the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive abilities in healthy individuals. We studied 203 healthy individuals. We measured verbal and visual memory, working memory, processing speed, attention and executive function. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Trait anxiety was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. HPA axis measures included the cortisol awakening response (CAR), diurnal cortisol slope and cortisol levels during the day. Multiple linear regression analyses explored the relationship between sleep quality and cognition and tested potential moderating effects by HPA axis measures and trait anxiety. Poor sleep quality was associated with poorer performance in memory, processing speed and executive function tasks. In people with poorer sleep quality, a blunted CAR was associated with poorer verbal and visual memory and executive functions, and higher cortisol levels during the day were associated with poorer processing speed. Trait anxiety was a moderator of visual memory and executive functioning. These results suggest that subtle abnormalities in the HPA axis and higher trait anxiety contribute to the relationship between lower sleep quality and poorer cognitive functioning in healthy individuals.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

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