scholarly journals Characterization of handheld disinfectant sprayers for effective surface decontamination to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Seong Chan Kim ◽  
Dong-Bin Kwak ◽  
Thomas Kuehn ◽  
David Y.H. Pui
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Effective Surface ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Surface Decontamination ◽  
Optimum Application

ABSTRACT With schools reopening, an increasing number of custodians are applying disinfectant spray methods to decontaminate frequently touched surfaces, including school supplies, walls, desks, and chairs, to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission between students, and teachers and students in the classroom. In this research, we present a novel characterization method to evaluate disinfectant droplet size and coverage for two types of commonly used disinfectant sprayers and suggest the optimum application practice for them.

scholarly journals Biological and serological characterization of viruses of summer squash crops in Yugoslavia

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Dukic ◽  
Branka Krstic ◽  
Ivana Vico ◽  
N.I. Katis ◽  
Chryssa Papavassiliou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Serological Characterization ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Prevalent Virus ◽  
Viral Nature

A survey on summer squash open field crops was carried out during 2000 and 2001 in order to identify the major viruses infecting these crops in different localities. Plants showed different types of symptoms: mild mosaic, chlorotic spotting, distinctive mosaic, blistering of leaf lamina leaf yellowing, deformation of leaf lamina, knobbed fruits and stunting of plants. The symptoms were very variable but showed the viral nature of the investigated summer squash diseases. The collected samples were tested by bioassay and by two serological methods ELISA and EBIA using cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV), watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV-2), zucchini yellow flack potyvirus (ZYFV) watermelon mosaic potyvirus 1 (WMV-1), squash mosaic comovirus (SqMV) and cucurbit aphid-borne yellows polerovirus (CABYV) polyclonal antisera. In all tested samples single or mixed infection with ZYMV, CMV and WMV-2 was detected. The most prevalent virus infecting summer squash was ZYMV. This is the first report of ZYMV, the most destructive virus infecting cucurbits, in Yugoslavia. It was also proven that the identified viruses are transmissible by Aphis gossypii in a non-persistent manner, but possible role of seed in virus transmission was not confirmed.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Classification and Law in French Chemistry Textbooks

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Bensaude Vincent ◽  
Antonio García Belmar
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Specific System ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Great Achievement ◽  
Chemistry Textbooks ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Post War

The most striking feature of the diffusion of Mendeleev’s system in France is that his great achievement prompted no real debates, no controversy among French academic chemists. It is not that his work was totally ignored. Rather, it was integrated as a non-event in the daily work focused on the discovery and characterization of chemical elements thanks to new techniques (spectroscopy, crystallization, and so on). In science journals Mendeleev’s system attracted attention only insofar as it could lead to the discovery of new chemical elements. After briefly mentioning when and how Mendeleev’s ideas were presented in French primary, secondary, and higher education chemistry textbooks and mentioned in official programs, we will try to understand the reasons for preferring alternative criteria for classification in chemistry textbooks. In addition to the explicit arguments advanced by those who mentioned Mendeleev’s proposals, we will attempt to interpret the silence that most textbook authors kept. In a third section, we will symmetrically focus on the small group of chemists who promoted Mendeleev’s periodic classification and try to disentangle their motivations and modes of appropriation. We will then conclude that, far from being a form of resistance to Mendeleev’s specific system, the overall skepticism expressed in French chemistry textbooks was the expression of an enduring statu quo resulting from a long debate over the best chemical classification in educational milieus. In September 1879 the Department of Haute-Marne organized at the Hôtel de la Préfecture de Chaumont an exposition scolaire aimed at exhibiting the innovative activities developed by teachers and students of local primary school institutions. It was intended to contribute to the reform of primary education following the trauma caused by the defeat in the war against Prussia. As one of its organizers claimed, “it is primary instruction, and its patriotic direction, which made the strength of our enemies. It should make ours.” It was in this context of educational reform and post-war tensions that we found the first reference to didactic use of Mendeleev’s periodic system in France.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 and routes of virus transmission in HIV-infected patients from the southeastern and southern Brazil

Retrovirology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. P47
Author(s):  
Mariana C Magri ◽  
Luis FM Brígido ◽  
Helena K Morimoto ◽  
Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Southern Brazil

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Water-Based Nano-Perfumes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Miastkowska ◽  
Elwira Lasoń ◽  
Elżbieta Sikora ◽  
Katarzyna Wolińska-Kennard
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Water Based

The application of nanoemulsions as a novel delivery system for lipophilic materials, such as essential oils, flavors, and fragrances is one of the growing technologies used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Their characteristic properties, like small droplet size with high interfacial area, transparent or semi-transparent appearance, low viscosity, and high kinetic stability, make them a perfect vehicle for fragrances, in the perfume industry. They could be a great alternative to water-based perfumes, without alcohol, and solve problems related to the oxidation and low bioavailability of fragrances with other non-alcoholic vehicles of perfumes like pomades or gels. The aim of our study was to develop stable Oil-in-Water (O/W) nanoemulsions that are compatible with selected fragrance compositions, without ethanol, polyols, and ionic surfactants, and to study their physicochemical, microbiological, and dermatological properties. The nano-perfume systems were obtained with a low-energy (Phase Inversion Composition; PIC) and with a high-energy (ultrasound, US) method, taking into account the possibility of moving from the laboratory scale to an industrial scale. The optimized nano-perfume formulations, prepared with different methods, yielded the same physicochemical properties (stability, medium droplet size of the inner phase, polydispersity, viscosity, surface tension, pH, density). Stable systems were obtained with a fragrance composition concentration within 6–15% range. These formulations had a low viscosity and a pH suitable for the skin. Moreover, the obtained results confirmed the protective role of nanoemulsions. The peroxide number measurement (POV) showed that the tested fragrance compositions had a high chemical stability. The results of the microbiological tests confirmed that the obtained products were free of microbiological contamination and were appropriately preserved. The dermatological test results confirmed the safety of the developed preparations.

Characterization of Nebulized Liposomal Amikacin (Arikace™) as a Function of Droplet Size

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhili Li ◽  
Yanling Zhang ◽  
William Wurtz ◽  
Jin K. Lee ◽  
Vladimir S. Malinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size

scholarly journals Characterization of a Potyvirus Infecting Sunflower in Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 470-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dujovny ◽  
T. Usugi ◽  
K. Shohara ◽  
S. Lenardon
Keyword(s):  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Chlorotic Mottling ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

A virus causing chlorotic mottling symptoms on sunflower was found in various locations in Argentina. Symptoms were small chlorotic spots, yellow blotches on leaves, and plant stunting. Virus transmission efficiency by mechanical inoculation was 73 to 100%, and by Myzus persicae was 31 to 49%. The host range included members of the Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Solanaceae families. Electron microscopy of leaf dips from infected plants revealed flexuous particles 17 nm wide and 770 nm long. Cytoplasmic laminar aggregates and pinwheel inclusions were observed in ultrathin sections. Purified virus preparations analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved a capsid protein of 33 kDa. A monoclonal antibody to aphid-transmitted potyviruses reacted with the capsid protein of this virus. In dot blot immunoassays, a polyclonal antiserum (early bleeding) reacted with infected sunflowers and weakly with Bidens mottle potyvirus, but not with either maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus or potato virus Y. The evidence suggests that a potyvirus is infecting sunflower, and a partial characterization of the causal agent is reported.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Chikungunya Virus Isolates From Two Localized Outbreaks During 2014-2019 in Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anukumar Balakrishnan ◽  
Asia Devi Thounaojam ◽  
Aishwarya Babu ◽  
Jijo Koshy ◽  
Nikhil T L ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Novel Mutation ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
East Central ◽  
Sequencing Studies ◽  
Central South

Abstract After the 2005-2009 chikungunya epidemic, intermittent outbreaks were reported in many parts of India. The outbreaks were caused by either locally circulating strains or imported viruses. Virus transmission route can be traced by complete genome sequencing studies. We investigated two outbreaks in the year 2014 and 2019 in Kerala, India. The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was isolated from the samples and whole genome was sequenced for a 2014 isolate and a 2019 isolate. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolates formed a separate group with 2019 isolate from Pune, Maharashtra and belonged to the East/ Central/ South African (ECSA) genotype, Indian subcontinent sub lineage of Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). A novel mutation at amino acid position 76 of E2 gene was observed in the group. The phylogenetic results suggest that the outbreaks might have caused by a virus, which has been circulating in India since 2014. Furthermore a detailed study is necessary to find out the evolution of CHIKV in India.

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