DENIAL OF HISTORY? YASUKUNI VISITS AS SIGNALING

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-316
Author(s):  
Taisuke Fujita ◽  
Hiroki Kusano
Keyword(s):  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Conservative Ideology ◽  
Yasukuni Shrine ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ruling Party

AbstractUnder what conditions would Japanese leaders visit the controversial Yasukuni Shrine and why? Previous studies have focused primarily on the domestic benefits and effects of such visits, claiming that leaders employ visits to follow their own conservative ideology and gain domestic political support. Given the harsh international criticism that tends to ensue, however, political leaders should also consider the cost and international effects of such visits. This study proposes three necessary conditions for such visits: a conservative ruling party, a government enjoying high popularity, and Japan's perception of a Chinese threat. With regard to the latter, a security threat from China has allowed Japan to use these visits as a credible signal of its resolve against China. Comparative analyses of Japanese cabinets after the mid-1980s support this argument.

scholarly journals Allies among Enemies: Political authority and party (dis)loyalty in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
DAVID JACKMAN ◽  
MATHILDE MAÎTROT
Keyword(s):  
Political Competition ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Party Discipline ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Member Of Parliament ◽  
Ruling Party

Abstract The authority of political leaders in Bangladesh rests on diverse qualities, not least of which are the muscle and finance they can mobilize, and the relationships they can craft with senior party members. These are utilized to confront rivals both within and outside their own party. In some instances, the intensity of intra-party competition can be so severe that a further quality emerges: the capacity to find allies among enemies. Building local inter-party alliances can bolster the authority of politicians, yet be to the detriment of party coherence. This argument is developed through an analysis of mayoral and parliamentary elections held in the past decade in a small Bangladeshi city, where a ruling party member of parliament (MP) and opposition mayor appear to have developed such a relationship. This has thwarted the electoral ambitions of their fellow party members and has posed a serious challenge to party discipline. While political competition is often seen as being either inter- or intra-party, here it is focused around inter-party alliances. This portrayal suggests we need to give greater emphasis to the decentralized and local character that political authority can take in Bangladesh.

A Turning Point in the History of Bessarabia: Winter 1917–1918

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-214
Author(s):  
Michael Bruchis
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ruling Party

Soviet scholars basing themselves on the assertion in the Program of the CPSU that “peaceful coexistence of states with different social regimes does not means a diminution of the ideological struggle,” severely criticize those Western authors who in their works throw light upon the shadowy aspects of theory and practice of the ruling party in the USSR. Utterances of Western scholars which express doubt about the veracity of data contained in documents of the CPSU and the accuracy of theses and positions based on these data are rejected as totally unfounded inventions. Scholars of countries with the same social regime as in the Soviet Union are subject to no less severe attacks if they contest in their works, directly or indirectly, the theses and positions worked out by Soviet authors. While the Western scholars concerned are termed bourgeois falsifiers, the unfavored scholars (and political leaders of the socialist countries) are categorised as revisionists, a no less pejorative term in Soviet parlance: thus, for example, “the powers of international imperialism,… leaning on services of revisionists of various strains”; or “to expose contemporary bourgeois and other falsifiers of history.”

scholarly journals Minimax control of an elliptic variational bilateral problem

2003 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qihong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
State Equation ◽  
Optimal Controls ◽  
Cost Functional ◽  
Minimax Control ◽  
Semilinear Elliptic ◽  
Elliptic Variational Inequalities ◽  
Bilateral Constraints ◽  
Existence Conditions ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThis paper deals with a minimax control problem for semilinear elliptic variational inequalities associated with bilateral constraints. The control domain is not necessarily convex. The cost functional, which is to be minimised, is the sup norm of some function of the state and the control. The major novelty of such a problem lies in the simultaneous presence of the nonsmooth state equation (variational inequality) and the nonsmooth cost functional (the sup norm). In this paper, the existence conditions and the Pontryagin-type necessary conditions for optimal controls are established.

National Economic Independence in the Light of the International Economic Conference

1927 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 668-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace McClure
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Conference ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
The Earth ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
National Governments

The wave of exaggerated nationalism which has pervaded the nations of the earth generally since the World War has been accompanied by seemingly serious efforts on the part of national governments to arrange for the production within their territorial limits of as many as possible of the articles which their peoples consume, often quite heedless of the cost of home as compared with external production. Such disregard of economic laws could scarcely have failed to aggravate the poverty in which the world was inevitably left in the wake of the war. Political leaders have seemed wholly unmindful of the essential truth of economics, namely, that destruction and waste, the accompaniments of war, cannot be indulged in without a lowering of economic standards, that those standards can only be raised by production, and that recovery is accomplished in the measure that production is achieved at the place and by the methods which make possible the largest output of consumable goods in proportion to the labor and raw material involved.

The cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination: Comparative analyses for five European countries and transferability in Europe

Vaccine ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (44) ◽  
pp. 6121-6128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Jit ◽  
Joke Bilcke ◽  
Marie-Josée J. Mangen ◽  
Heini Salo ◽  
Hugues Melliez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Network Leadership: on the Mechanism of Political Mobilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
V. Achkasova ◽  
Yu. Dobrovol'skaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Communication Environment ◽  
Purposeful Sampling ◽  
Network Space

The article attempts to develop an approach to describing the mechanism of network political mobilization by political leaders. The purpose was achieved through a pilot empirical study. In order to obtain data on the participants, means and methods of political mobilization in the network space the method of questioning was used. The audience of the research is students of universities of large Russian cities in the number of 83 people. Participants of research are selected by a method of purposeful sampling. The objectives of the analysis are also the communication environment of political leaders in the network space, technologies, methods and system of evaluation of interaction in social media. The results of the research confirmed the hypothesis of the deployment process of the phenomenon of network political leadership, identified and described trends in the communications of network leaders. Authors offered a methodology of research of network mobilization process through a prism of parameters of network involvement and online political support. The presence of these elements makes it possible to launch the mechanism of political mobilization in social networks. In the long term, the data obtained and the developed tools for empirical research can be useful in conducting large-scale political research, in particular, studying the phenomenon of political recruiting.

scholarly journals Democracy, Conscription, and War: The Effects of Political Regimes and Types of Military Recruiting on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Annaka ◽  
Munenori Kita ◽  
Naonari Yajima ◽  
Rui Asano
Keyword(s):  
Political Regimes ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
Military Recruiting ◽  
Interstate Disputes ◽  
The People ◽  
Cost Of War ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents an analysis of the impact of political regimes and type of military recruitment on the probability of the occurrence of international conflicts. In the last few years, the (re) introduction of military conscription has been a focus of public debate, but empirical analysis of the issue remains limited. We argue that democratic nations with conscription-based military recruitment in place are less likely to initiate international conflicts than those with voluntary recruitment because public opinion will estimate a higher probability of direct involvement in disputes, causing political leaders to refrain from conflicts, even though stable military resources are in place. On the other hand, authoritarian nations with conscription-based recruitment systems are more likely to engage in conflicts than those with voluntary recruitment systems because political leaders are not accountable to the people, even though the cost of war is calculated in the same manner as that in democratic nations. To test this reasoning, we use directed-dyadic data from 1816 to 2005. Our analysis strongly supports our theoretical expectations.

Optimal Trajectories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Prussing
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Specific Impulse ◽  
Optimal Trajectories ◽  
Rocket Engines ◽  
First Order ◽  
State Variable ◽  
Classical Calculus ◽  
Primer Vector ◽  
The Cost

Optimal trajectories are analysed, covering both constant- and variable-specific-impulse cases. Primer vector is defined and illustrated. The first-order necessary conditions for an optimal constant-specific-impulse (CSI) trajectory were first derived by Lawden using classical Calculus of Variations. Variable-specific-impulse rocket engines are discussed with the cost functional for a VSI engine. In the derivation that follows, an Optimal Control Theory formulation is used, but the derivation is similar to that of Lawden. One difference is that the mass is not defined as a state variable, but is kept track of indirectly.

Malawi election ruling will have far-reaching impacts

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Content Type ◽  
International Donors ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ruling Party

Significance The Court's heavy criticism of the Malawi Electoral Commission (MEC) means that changes of both personnel and structure are likely. The judgement has also given momentum to the opposition and talks about forging a coalition -- which would have comprehensively defeated the ruling party had it been in place for the original election -- have already begun. Impacts Significant energy and resources will be diverted to running a fresh election, deflecting attention away from pressing development concerns. The ruling is widely seen to have validated post-election popular protests and will encourage future mass mobilisation over controversies. The government will rely heavily on international donors to meet the cost of holding new elections given difficulties funding the 2019 poll. If the opposition can forge an effective coalition, a transfer of power is highly likely. The Kenyan and now Malawian legal precedents may embolden electoral courts elsewhere on the continent, especially in more democratic states.

Political meddling in monetary policy raises risks

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Eu

Subject Politicisation of central banking. Significance Political leaders have actively interfered with or threatened the independence of central banks this year in Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, the EU, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, Philippines, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the United States, Venezuela and Zimbabwe, according to an academic study that tracks quarterly trends. Impacts If political pressures on central banks lead to higher prices, it could take years of tighter policies and slower growth to curb inflation. Decades of low inflation are embedded in expectations, but political interference could begin to unravel those beliefs. Some commentators will continue to suggest that politicians are right to transfer attention from inflation towards jobs and other goals. Economists largely agree on the importance of curbing price gains and see run-away inflation as the cost of prioritising political needs. Low-to-middle-income countries are more susceptible to political interference in central banking and will struggle to escape it.

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