Live, dead, and fossil mollusks in Florida freshwater springs and spring-fed rivers: Taphonomic pathways and the formation of multisourced, time-averaged death assemblages

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-378
Author(s):  
Kristopher M. Kusnerik ◽  
Guy H. Means ◽  
Roger W. Portell ◽  
Mark Brenner ◽  
Quan Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Time Averaging ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Freshwater Gastropods ◽  
Melanoides Tuberculata ◽  
Death Assemblages

AbstractTaphonomic processes are informative about the magnitude and timing of paleoecological changes but remain poorly understood with respect to freshwater invertebrates in spring-fed rivers and streams. We compared taphonomic alteration among freshwater gastropods in live, dead (surficial shell accumulations), and fossil (late Pleistocene–early Holocene in situ sediments) assemblages from two Florida spring-fed systems, the Wakulla and Silver/Ocklawaha Rivers. We assessed taphonomy of two gastropod species: the native Elimia floridensis (n = 2504) and introduced Melanoides tuberculata (n = 168). We quantified seven taphonomic attributes (aperture condition, color, fragmentation, abrasion, juvenile spire condition, dissolution, and exterior luster) and combined those attributes into a total taphonomic score (TT). Fossil E. floridensis specimens exhibited the greatest degradation (highest TT scores), whereas live specimens of both species were least degraded. Specimens of E. floridensis from death assemblages were less altered than fossil specimens of the same species. Within death assemblages, specimens of M. tuberculata were significantly less altered than specimens of E. floridensis, but highly degraded specimens dominated in both species. Radiocarbon dates on fossils clustered between 9792 and 7087 cal BP, whereas death assemblage ages ranged from 10,692 to 1173 cal BP. Possible explanations for the observed taphonomic patterns include: (1) rapid taphonomic shell alteration, (2) prolonged near-surface exposure to moderate alteration rates, and/or (3) introduction of reworked fossil shells into surficial assemblages. Combined radiocarbon dates and taphonomic analyses suggest that all these processes may have played a role in death assemblage formation. In these fluvial settings, shell accumulations develop as a complex mixture of specimens derived from multiple sources and characterized by multimillennial time-averaging. These findings suggest that, when available, fossil assemblages may be more appropriate than death assemblages for assessing preindustrial faunal associations and recent anthropogenic changes in freshwater ecosystems.

TAPHONOMY AND TIME AVERAGING OF MOLLUSCAN DEATH ASSEMBLAGES IN FLORIDA SPRINGS AND RIVERS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristopher M. Kusnerik ◽  
◽  
Harley Means ◽  
Roger W. Portell ◽  
Michal Kowalewski
Keyword(s):  
Time Averaging ◽  
Death Assemblages ◽  
Florida Springs

scholarly journals North polar trough formation due to in-situ erosion as a source of young ice in mid-latitudinal mantles on Mars

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alexis P. Rodriguez ◽  
Kenneth L. Tanaka ◽  
Ali M. Bramson ◽  
Gregory J. Leonard ◽  
Victor R. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Katabatic Wind ◽  
Spiral Pattern ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
North Polar ◽  
Human Exploration ◽  
Erosional Event

AbstractThe clockwise spiral of troughs marking the Martian north polar plateau forms one of the planet’s youngest megastructures. One popular hypothesis posits that the spiral pattern resulted as troughs underwent poleward migration. Here, we show that the troughs are extensively segmented into enclosed depressions (or cells). Many cell interiors display concentric layers that connect pole- and equator-facing slopes, demonstrating in-situ trough erosion. The segmentation patterns indicate a history of gradual trough growth transversely to katabatic wind directions, whereby increases in trough intersections generated their spiral arrangement. The erosional event recorded in the truncated strata and trough segmentation may have supplied up to ~25% of the volume of the mid-latitude icy mantles. Topographically subtle undulations transition into troughs and have distributions that mimic and extend the troughs’ spiraling pattern, indicating that they probably represent buried trough sections. The retention of the spiral pattern in surface and subsurface troughs is consistent with the megastructure’s stabilization before its partial burial. A previously suggested warm paleoclimatic spike indicates that the erosion could have occurred as recently as ~50 Ka. Hence, if the removed ice was redeposited to form the mid-latitude mantles, they could provide a valuable source of near-surface, clean ice for future human exploration.

scholarly journals Current extinction rate in European freshwater gastropods greatly exceeds that of the late Cretaceous mass extinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Neubauer ◽  
Torsten Hauffe ◽  
Daniele Silvestro ◽  
Jens Schauer ◽  
Dietrich Kadolsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Freshwater Gastropods ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Freshwater Biota ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
To Come ◽  
Mass Extinction Event

AbstractThe Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction event 66 million years ago eradicated three quarters of marine and terrestrial species globally. However, previous studies based on vertebrates suggest that freshwater biota were much less affected. Here we assemble a time series of European freshwater gastropod species occurrences and inferred extinction rates covering the past 200 million years. We find that extinction rates increased by more than one order of magnitude during the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, which resulted in the extinction of 92.5% of all species. The extinction phase lasted 5.4 million years and was followed by a recovery period of 6.9 million years. However, present extinction rates in European freshwater gastropods are three orders of magnitude higher than even these revised estimates for the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction. Our results indicate that, unless substantial conservation effort is directed to freshwater ecosystems, the present extinction crisis will have a severe impact to freshwater biota for millions of years to come.

Quantitative comparisons and models of time-averaging in bivalve and brachiopod shell accumulations

Paleobiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Krause ◽  
Susan L. Barbour ◽  
Michał Kowalewski ◽  
Darrell S. Kaufman ◽  
Christopher S. Romanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Time Averaging ◽  
Local Fauna ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Deep Site ◽  
Age Frequency Distribution

The variation in time-averaging between different types of marine skeletal accumulations within a depositional system is not well understood. Here we provide quantitative data on the magnitude of time-averaging and the age structure of the sub-fossil record of two species with divergent physical and ecological characteristics, the brachiopodBouchardia roseaand the bivalveSemele casali.Material was collected from two sites on a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic shelf off the coast of Brazil where both species are dominant components of the local fauna.Individual shells (n= 178) were dated using amino acid racemization (aspartic acid) calibrated with 24 AMS radiocarbon dates. Shell ages range from modern to 8118 yearsb.p.for brachiopods, and modern to 4437 years for bivalves. Significant differences in the shape and central tendency of age-frequency distributions are apparent between each sample. Such differences in time-averaging magnitude confirm the assumption that taphonomic processes are subject to stochastic variation at all spatial and temporal scales. Despite these differences, each sample is temporally incomplete at centennial resolution and three of the four samples have similar right-skewed age-frequency distributions. Simulations of temporal completeness indicate that samples of both species from the shallow site are consistent with a more strongly right-skewed and less-complete age-frequency distribution than those from the deep site.We conclude that intrinsic characteristics of each species exert less control on the time-averaging signature of these samples than do extrinsic factors such as variation in rates of sedimentation and taphonomic destruction. This suggests that brachiopod-dominated and bivalve-dominated shell accumulations may be more similar in temporal resolution than previously thought, and that the temporal resolution of multi-taxic shell accumulations may depend more on site-to-site differences than on the intrinsic properties of the constituent organisms.

Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Tribofilms Generated from ZDDP and F-ZDDP with and without Antioxidants

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4378-4390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Somayaji ◽  
Ramoun Mourhatch ◽  
Pranesh B. Aswath
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wear Debris ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dialkyl Dithiophosphates ◽  
Wear Tests ◽  
Diphenyl Amine

Tribofilms with thickness ranging from 100–200 nm were developed in-situ during wear tests using a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP) and fluorinated ZDDP (F-ZDDP). The influence of the antioxidant alkylated diphenyl amine on the formation and properties of these tribofilm is examined. Results indicate that the thickness of the tribofilms formed when F-ZDDP is used is always thicker than the tribofilm formed with ZDDP. In addition, in the presence of antioxidants the tribofilm thickness is increased. The hardness of these tribofilms in the absence of the antioxidants is significantly higher at the near surface region (0–30 nm) when compared to the films formed in the presence of antioxidant. Nanoscratch tests conducted to examine the abrasion resistance of the tribofilms also indicate that the tribofilms formed by F-ZDDP are more resistant to scratch compared to films formed by ZDDP. In the presence of antioxidant, tribofilms formed by F-ZDDP are significantly thicker while both films behave in a similar fashion in nanoscratch tests. Transmission electron microscopy of the wear debris formed during the tests were examined and results indicate the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles of Fe3O4 with an approximate size of 5–10 nm embedded within an otherwise amorphous tribofilm.

scholarly journals Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of dyes formed by in situ oxidative methods then purified by absorption and extraction from hair wefts

2020 ◽  
pp. 174751982097862
Author(s):  
M John Plater ◽  
Andrea Raab
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride

The dye mixtures formed from three commercial hair colour formers were purified by absorption onto human hair wefts, washed and dried, extracted with dichloromethane:trifluoroacetic acid (75:25) and then analysed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Only 1–2 dyes were identified from each complex mixture of commercial aromatic amines along with a broad UV absorption mainly consisting of mixtures of quaternary ammonium salts from shampoos and some surfactants. Mecetronium ethyl sulfate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the main ammonium salts.

Phosphate biogeochemical barrier for uranium in situ immobilization in an aquifer nearby sludge repository

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigory Artemiev ◽  
Alexey Safonov ◽  
Nadezhda Popova
Keyword(s):  
Essential Elements ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Nitrate Ions ◽  
Uranium Migration ◽  
Storage Facilities

<p>Uranium migration in the oxidized environment of near-surface groundwater is a typical problem of many radiochemical, ore mining and ore processing enterprises that have sludge storage facilities on their territory. Uranium migration, as a rule, occurs against a high salt background due to the composition of the sludge: primarily, nitrate and sulfate anions and calcium cations. One of the ways to prevent the uranium pollution is geochemical or engineering barriers. For uranium immobilization, it is necessary to create conditions for its reduction to a slightly soluble form of uraninite and further mineralization, for example, in the phosphate form. An important factor contributing to the rapid reduction of uranium is a in the redox potential decreasing and the removal of nitrate ions, which can be achieved through the activation of microflora. It should be added that phosphate itself is one of the essential elements for the development of microflora. This work was carried out in relation to the upper aquifer (7-12 m) near the sludge storage facilities of ChMZ, which is engaged in uranium processing and enrichment. One of the problems of this aquifer, in addition to the high concentration of nitrate ions (up to 15 g / l), is the high velocity of formation waters.<br>In laboratory conditions, the compositions of injection solutions were selected containing sources of organic matter to stimulate the microbiota development and phosphates for uranium mineralization. When developing the injection composition, special attention was paid to assessing the formation of calcite deposits in aquifer conditions to partially reduce the filtration parameters of the horizon and reduce the rate of movement of formation waters. This must be achieved to ensure the possibility of long-term deposition of uranium and removal of nitrate. The composition of the optimal solution was selected and in a series of model experiments the mineral phases containing the lowest hydrated form of the uranium-containing phosphate mineral meta-otenite were obtained.<br>In situ mineral phosphate barrier Formation field tests were carried out in water horizon conditions in a volume of 100m3 by injection of an organic and phosphates mixture. As a result, at the first stage of field work, a significant decreasing nitrate ion concentration, and reducing conditions formation coupled with the dissolved uranium concentration of decreasing were noted.</p>

The last interglacial–glacial cycle, Clyde foreland, Baffin Island, N.W.T.: stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and chronology

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 2824-2857 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Miller ◽  
J. T. Andrews ◽  
S. K. Short
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Buried Soils ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Pollen Assemblage ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Last Glaciation

A study of the stratigraphic sequence (14C and amino acid age control), marine bivalve faunal changes, and palynology of buried soils and organic-rich sediment collected from the Clyde Foreland Formation in the extensive cliff sections of the Clyde foreland, eastern Baffin Island, N.W.T., suggests the following last interglacial – Foxe (last glaciation) glacial – present interglacial sequence.(1) Cape Christian Member (ca. 130 000 years BP?)Consists of the Sledgepointer till overlain by the Cape Christian marine sediments. In situ molluscan fauna, collected from the marine sediments, contain a moderately warm bivalve assemblage. A well-developed soil that formed on the marine sediments (Cape Christian soil) contains an interglacial pollen assemblage dominated by dwarf birch. U-series dates of > 115 000 and ca. 130 000 years BP on molluscs from the Cape Christian marine sediments suggest that they were deposited during the last interglaciation, here termed the Cape Christian Interglaciation. The development of a subarctic pollen assemblage in the Cape Christian soil has not been duplicated during the present interglaciation, suggesting higher summer temperatures and perhaps a duration well in excess of 10 000 years for the last interglaciation.(2) Kuvinilk MemberConsists of fossiliferous marine sediments, locally divided by the Clyde till into upper and lower units. The Clyde till was deposited by the earliest and most extensive advance of the Foxe (last) Glaciation. Kuvinilk marine sediments both under- and overlying the Clyde till contain the pecten Chlamys islandicus, indicating that the outlet glacier advanced into a subarctic marine environment. Amino acid ratios from in situ pelecypod shells abovę and below the Clyde till are not statistically different, but contrast markedly with ratios obtained from the same species in the Cape Christian Member. Organic horizons within the Kuvinilk marine sediments contain a relatively rich pollen assemblage, although 'absolute' counts are low.(3) Kogalu Member (> 35 00014C years BP)Sediments of the Kogalu Member unconformably overlie those of the Kuvinilk Member, but are of a similar character. The dominant sediments are marine in origin, but in places are divided into upper and lower units by the Ayr Lake till. Amino acid ratios from in situ shells above and below the Ayr Lake till are indistinguishable, but substantially less than those in the Kuvinilk Member, suggesting the two members are separated by a considerable time interval. Radiocarbon dates on shells in the Kogalu marine sediments range from 33 000 to 47 700 years BP, but these may be only minimum estimates. The sea transgressed to a maximum level 70–80 m asl, coincident with the glacial maximum. Subarctic marine fauna of interstadial–interglacial character occur within the Kogalu marine sediments.(4) Eglinton Member (10 000 years BP to present)A major unconformity exists between the Kogalu and Eglinton Members. Ravenscraig marine sediments were deposited during an early Holocene marine transgression–regression cycle; the oldest dates on these sediments are ca. 10 000 years BP. Locally a vegetation mat occurs at the base or within the Ravenscraig unit. Pollen from these beds is sparse, but indicates a terrestrial vegetation assemblage as diverse as that of today. There is no evidence that Laurentide Ice reached the foreland during the last 30 000 years. Eolian sands that overlie a soil developed on the marine sediments record a late Holocene climatic deterioration. Pollen in organic-rich sediments at the base of, and within, the eolian sands record a vegetation shift in response to climatic change.

scholarly journals Simple quality control technique to identify dissolved oxygen diffusion issues with biochemical oxygen demand bottle incubations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnathan Daniel Maxey ◽  
Neil David Hartstein ◽  
Dorathy Penjinus ◽  
Alan Kerroux
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Community Respiration ◽  
Parallel Diffusion ◽  
Quality Control Technique

Stratified estuaries are home to expanding aquaculture activities whose ecological footprints can be observed through trends in microbial community respiration in the water column. Bottle incubations are widely used to measure water column community respiration in marine and freshwater ecosystems by measuring the flux of dissolved oxygen occurring in the bottle over a period of time. When in situ dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations are markedly different than DO concentration of the incubation medium the potential for diffusion of oxygen across the bottle opening is great and may be especially pronounced in strongly stratified systems with relatively low rates of pelagic oxygen consumption. We incubated 60 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles filled with sterilized water with DO concentrations ranging from 2.51 mg O2 L-1 to 10.03 mg O2 L-1 for 24 hours in a temperature controlled water bath. There was a significant relationship when DO flux was set as a function of initial DO (DO Flux = -0.0017x + 0.0085, r2 = 0.72, p < 2.2 e-16). DO fluxes ranged from -0.012 mg O2 L-1 hour-1 to 0.005 mg O2 L-1 hour-1 for bottles incubated with initial DO ranging from 10.03 mg O2 L-1 to 3.31 mg O2 L-1, respectively. These results suggest that diffusion across the ground glass seal of BOD bottles is possible and that extra precaution through parallel diffusion controls should be considered when measuring pelagic respiration using BOD bottle incubations in systems with relatively low or relatively high in situ DO concentrations.

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