scholarly journals When growth is not enough: inequality, economic gains, and executive approval

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Carlin ◽  
Timothy Hellwig ◽  
Gregory J. Love ◽  
Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo ◽  
Matthew M. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
Presidential Approval ◽  
Personal Finances ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Valence Issue

Abstract A robust economy is assumed to bolster leaders' standing. This ignores how benefits of growth are distributed. Extending the partisan models of economic voting, we theorize executives are more likely rewarded when gains from growth go to their constituents. Analyses of presidential approval in 18 Latin American countries support our pro-constituency model of accountability. When economic inequality is high, growth concentrates among the rich, and approval of right-of-center presidents is higher. Leftist presidents benefit from growth when gains are more equally distributed. Further analyses show growth and inequality inform perceptions of personal finances differently based on wealth, providing a micro-mechanism behind the aggregate findings. Study results imply that the economy is not purely a valence issue, but also a position issue.

Conditional Accountability for the Economy, Insecurity, and Corruption Across Latin American Party Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-152
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Presidential Approval ◽  
Presidential Popularity ◽  
American Party ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe association between how citizens perceive economic performance, insecurity, or corruption and how they evaluate the president varies systematically across Latin American countries and within them over time. In particular, while presidential popularity reflects these outcomes in the average Latin American country, survey data from 2006–17 confirm that the connection between government performance and presidential approval is generally stronger when unfragmented party systems or single-party majority governments make assessments of political responsibility easier. While these results suggest that the region’s citizens do not blindly blame the president for outcomes where political responsibility should be shared, they also remind us that there are many countries in the region where fragmented party systems weaken the conditions for effective political accountability.

Open Data for Open Justice in Seven Latin American Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 210-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Elena ◽  
François van Schalkwyk
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Data Publication ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Accountability Practices ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Initial Measurement ◽  
Made In

The study focuses on the openness of judicial data in seven countries in Latin America. The judiciary continues to be among the least willing institutions to implement policies on transparency and access to information, generally because of their conservative tradition and lack of accountability practices. The study adopted an exploratory design in order to analyze enabling country and judicial contexts for open data, as well as whether judicial data publication meets open data standards of accessibility, sustainability, re-usability and non-discrimination. Study results show that even though access to judicial information is increasing and that there is also an increase in transparency policies for the judiciary, the publication of judicial data in open formats is still infrequent. This research seeks to build a baseline for an initial measurement that can be compared with future measurements, so as to be able to evaluate progress made in Latin American judiciaries.

scholarly journals Animals in the Zika virus life cycle: what to expect from megadiverse Latin American countries

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Galvão Bueno ◽  
Nádia Martinez ◽  
Lívia Abdala ◽  
Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos ◽  
Marcia Chame
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Latin American Countries

ABSTRACTZika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947 in primates in Uganda, West Africa. The virus remained confined to the equatorial regions of Africa and Asia, cycling between infecting monkeys, arboreal mosquitoes, and occasional humans. The ZIKV Asiatic strain was probably introduced into Brazil in 2013. In the current critical human epidemic in the Americas, ZIKV is transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, especially where the human population density is combined with poor sanitation. Presently, ZIKV is in contact with the rich biodiversity in all Brazilian biomes, bordering on other Latin American countries. Infections in Brazilian primates have been reported recently, but the overall impact of this virus on wildlife in the Americas is still unknown. The current epidemic in the Americas requires knowledge on the role of mammals, especially non-human primates, in ZIKV transmission to humans. The article discusses the available data on ZIKV in host animals, besides issues of biodiversity, rapid environmental change, and impact on human health in megadiverse Latin American countries. The authors reviewed scientific articles and recent news stories on ZIKV in animals, showing that 47 animal species from three orders (mammals, reptiles, and birds) have been investigated for the potential to establish a sylvatic cycle. The review aims to contribute to epidemiological studies and the knowledge on the natural history of ZIKV. The article concludes with questions that require urgent attention in epidemiological studies involving wildlife in order to understand their role as ZIKV hosts and to effectively control the epidemic.

Class voting or economic voting? Electoral support for chavismo (1998–2015)

2021 ◽  
pp. 019251212199267
Author(s):  
Robert Bonifácio ◽  
João Carlos Amoroso Botelho
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
Regional Politics ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Class Voting ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Hugo Chavez

This article analyses electoral support for chavismo in Venezuela from 1998 to 2015, comprising five presidential elections (1998, 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2013) and the legislative election of 2015. Drawing on a comprehensive historical series, the findings contradict an influential body of literature on Venezuelan politics and show that economic voting prevailed during the analysed period. In relation to class voting, the analysis does not find a monotonic vote, in which the poor supported Hugo Chávez and his allies, whereas the rich rejected them, at each election. The direction of associations between these classes and voting for chavismo varied over the investigated period. The findings have important implications for Latin American politics, showing the relevance of economic factors for the left turn in regional politics and helping explain the recent losses of leftist parties in presidential elections.

Discussion, Societal Exclusion, and Political Voice

2020 ◽  
pp. 207-223
Author(s):  
Andy Baker ◽  
Barry Ames ◽  
Lúcio Rennó
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Informed Preferences ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Political Voice ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Normative Issues ◽  
Latin American Countries

This chapter explores the implications of horizontal intermediation for the normative issues of the quality and equity of political voice. Because its monetary costs are virtually nil, the realm of horizontal intermediation could be a haven for under-resourced and marginalized groups. The analyses of data from the panel studies and the Comparative National Elections Project (CNEP), however, show that political discussion in seven Latin American countries suffers from an exclusion problem. Individuals of high socioeconomic status (SES) are much more likely to discuss politics than individuals of lower status, and men discuss politics more than women. This has concrete consequences, as high-SES individuals and men have more political knowledge than low-SES individuals and women, respectively. The chapter then considers whether these inequalities distort the political voice of marginalized groups. In Brazil and Mexico, the degree of engagement in horizontal intermediation is positively correlated with voters' abilities to choose the candidates who best represent their issue attitudes. Because of this correlation, the poor are sometimes less likely than the rich to choose candidates who support their expressed values and beliefs about politics and policies. Moreover, the emergence of socially informed preferences during a campaign does not move voters toward their correct candidates.

Open Data for Open Justice in Seven Latin American Countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 460-481
Author(s):  
Sandra Elena ◽  
François van Schalkwyk
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Data Publication ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Accountability Practices ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Initial Measurement ◽  
Made In

The study focuses on the openness of judicial data in seven countries in Latin America. The judiciary continues to be among the least willing institutions to implement policies on transparency and access to information, generally because of their conservative tradition and lack of accountability practices. The study adopted an exploratory design in order to analyze enabling country and judicial contexts for open data, as well as whether judicial data publication meets open data standards of accessibility, sustainability, re-usability and non-discrimination. Study results show that even though access to judicial information is increasing and that there is also an increase in transparency policies for the judiciary, the publication of judicial data in open formats is still infrequent. This research seeks to build a baseline for an initial measurement that can be compared with future measurements, so as to be able to evaluate progress made in Latin American judiciaries.

Digital Resources: Latin America in Gallica

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Dessens
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Reading Proficiency ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Latin American History ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Personal Collection

Gallica, the digital library of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, was launched in 1997. The library contains almost five million documents (manuscripts, books, journals, newspapers, maps, iconographic documents, and recordings), many of which are connected to Latin America, offering rich perspectives on the relationships between France and Latin American countries across the centuries. The many travel narratives, testimonies, essays, photographs, and maps available provide rich insight into French perception of Latin America from the early 16th century to the mid-20th century. Although Gallica’s collection of manuscripts on Latin America is not plentiful, one of its main goals is to provide easy access to rare French books printed centuries ago, of which not many copies are available today and which are rarely present in other digital libraries. The richest collection is probably on Brazil, since Gallica has organized a special collection titled “France-Brésil” which provides access to the rich personal collection of books and manuscripts of the first French historian of Brazil, Ferdinand Denis (1798–1890), among other treasures. Gallica has undeniable value for researchers specialized in Latin American history, although working on its collections requires at least reading proficiency in French as the vast majority of the accessible resources are in French.

Bolivia and British Tin Policy, 1939–1945

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 289-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
World War ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Second World ◽  
Latin American Countries

During the Second World War, Bolivia became the single most important source of tin for the Allies. As with other Latin American countries who were placed in the position of supplying essential raw materials,1 Bolivia confronted a situation where the operation of normal market forces was suspended. Access to Axis markets was denied, and prices were set through government intervention, often at widely divergent levels in different markets. As a result, the impression was created that the poor producers were prevented from enjoying a wartime bonanza by exploitative collusion on the part of the rich consumers.

Wage Arrears and Economic Voting in Russia

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
KASPAR RICHTER
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
Personal Finances ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Wage Arrears ◽  
The Impact

This paper revisits the issue of economic voting in the context of the 1996 Presidential Election in Russia. The election was branded as a fundamental choice between capitalism and communism, yet voters were also grappling with a large crisis of personal finances: about one in two workers experienced nonpayments of wages at the time of the elections. The analysis exploits a rich nationally representative household panel dataset to identify the impact of wage arrears on the second-round election outcome. Wage arrears reduced the vote for the incumbent President Yeltsin among workers from around 65% to 49%, which amounts to a drop of 4% in the Yeltsin vote in the second round. Support for Yeltsin vote declined with the amount of wage arrears at the time of the vote and with wage arrears in 1995. Wage arrears led more voters to believe the government to be noncaring and to favor income restrictions for the rich. Political attitudes of working men changed more than those of working women.

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