Icing Flight Development

1959 ◽  
Vol 63 (587) ◽  
pp. 659-668
Author(s):  
B. T. Cheverton
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Ice Accretion ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Flight Testing ◽  
Protection Systems

The aircraft designer must clearly ensure that his aircraft will fly in all climatic conditions normally to be expected. Over and above this, aircraft must be able to cope with a change in weather also.Since the last war, research into the problem of ice accretion on aircraft has done much to widen understanding of this serious flying hazard. In the flight testing and development of ice protection systems for aircraft, however, one of the principal difficulties encountered is that of finding natural icing conditions sufficiently uniform through which to fly the test aircraft. Because of this it has been found more profitable not to seek natural conditions, but instead to fly in clear air at temperatures below 0°C, while spraying the test surface from a water spray rake fitted to the test aircraft.

scholarly journals Influence of natural and climatic factors on the organization of construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 08006
Author(s):  
Marat Kuzhin ◽  
Ekaterina Chepik ◽  
Angelina Baranova
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Monolithic Structures ◽  
Cost Of Construction

In this research the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the organization of construction production are examined. Our purpose was to identify the nature of the dependence of the duration of construction work on natural and climatic factors. The analysis of normative and technical documentation in terms of accounting for the influence of natural and climatic factors was made. The system of estimation of influence of natural conditions on preparatory, ground, facade, roofing works, and also the appliance of monolithic structures, installation of prefabricated ferroconcrete items, and on works – implementation of internal finishing is offered. It was estimated, that the norms of construction production take into account a certain number of natural and climatic factors affecting the performance of work, but most of these factors have not yet been given in the normative and technical documentation. It is necessary to study this issue more comprehensively and to establish exact dependences on natural and climatic conditions, which will allow to quantify these factors already while calculating. This is necessary to compile more accurate calendar plans and schedules of production of works, as close as possible to real conditions. The study of this issue is one of the most important issues in the design of construction production. With insufficient consideration of these factors, the final actual figures are very different from the projected ones, which also lead to an increase in the cost of construction and installation work and the duration of their implementation. Taking into consideration the influence of natural and climatic factors will allow planning construction production more accurate.

scholarly journals The Recent Nature of the Siberian Pole of Cold

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 1089-1096
Author(s):  
I. P. Gerasimov
Keyword(s):  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
North East ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Extreme North

Abstract The Siberian pole of cold is situated in the extreme north-east of Eurasia (in the region of the Cherskiy mountain system, in the upper parts of the basins of the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers). Particularly low air and soil temperatures have been observed in the intermontane areas. Among these localities is the famous Oymyakon, where the lowest minimum temperature in the Northern Hemisphere has been recorded. In the climate of this area extreme aridity, connected with the intracontinental position of the territory, is combined with intense cold. In the two highest massifs (Ulakhan-Chistay and Suntar-Khayata) small centres of recent glacierization (chiefly kars) are developed; there are also distinct traces of a more extensive older mountain glaciation. In the intermontane areas and on the principal level of the dissected hilly peneplain positive indications of a former glaciation are absent. However, the recent cryogenic phenomena represented by fossil ice, permafrost, taryns, as well as thermokarstic, solifluction and congelation features, are very abundant and diverse. The widespread development of all these features gives this territory a periglacial aspect, and also provides the possibility of using the study of many recent phenomena for palaeogeographical purposes. From this point of view, the processes leading to the formation of loess deposits (cryogenic facies) and the formation of structural and thixotropic soils arc of particular interest. The recent natural landscapes in this region are represented by a dominant type of larch tundra–forest associated with comparatively typical taiga bog formations in the depressions and xero-cryophile meadow–steppe landscapes on the steeper and warmer southern slopes. Such a unique landscape combination connected with the specific climatic conditions of this region provide a basis for interpreting the recent natural conditions of the Siberian pole of cold as a survival of the “late glacial.” At present these natural conditions are being intensively developed economically.

scholarly journals The Recent Nature of the Siberian Pole of Cold

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 1089-1096
Author(s):  
I. P. Gerasimov
Keyword(s):  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
North East ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Extreme North

AbstractThe Siberian pole of cold is situated in the extreme north-east of Eurasia (in the region of the Cherskiy mountain system, in the upper parts of the basins of the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers). Particularly low air and soil temperatures have been observed in the intermontane areas. Among these localities is the famous Oymyakon, where the lowest minimum temperature in the Northern Hemisphere has been recorded. In the climate of this area extreme aridity, connected with the intracontinental position of the territory, is combined with intense cold.In the two highest massifs (Ulakhan-Chistay and Suntar-Khayata) small centres of recent glacierization (chiefly kars) are developed; there are also distinct traces of a more extensive older mountain glaciation. In the intermontane areas and on the principal level of the dissected hilly peneplain positive indications of a former glaciation are absent. However, the recent cryogenic phenomena represented by fossil ice, permafrost, taryns, as well as thermokarstic, solifluction and congelation features, are very abundant and diverse.The widespread development of all these features gives this territory a periglacial aspect, and also provides the possibility of using the study of many recent phenomena for palaeogeographical purposes. From this point of view, the processes leading to the formation of loess deposits (cryogenic facies) and the formation of structural and thixotropic soils arc of particular interest.The recent natural landscapes in this region are represented by a dominant type of larch tundra–forest associated with comparatively typical taiga bog formations in the depressions and xero-cryophile meadow–steppe landscapes on the steeper and warmer southern slopes. Such a unique landscape combination connected with the specific climatic conditions of this region provide a basis for interpreting the recent natural conditions of the Siberian pole of cold as a survival of the “late glacial.” At present these natural conditions are being intensively developed economically.

A Eulerian Method for Water Droplet Impingement by Means of an Immersed Boundary Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Capizzano ◽  
Emiliano Iuliano
Keyword(s):  
Water Droplet ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Immersed Boundary ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Ice Accretion ◽  
Droplet Impingement ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Numerical Approaches

The estimation of water droplet impingement is the first step toward a complete ice accretion assessment. Numerical approaches are usually implied to support the experimental testing and to provide fast responses when designing ice protection systems. Basically, two different numerical methodologies can be found in literature: Lagrangian and Eulerian. The present paper describes the design and development of a tool based on a Eulerian equation set solved on Cartesian meshes by using an immersed boundary (IB) technique. The tool aims at computing the evolution of a droplet cloud and the impingement characteristics onto the exposed surfaces of an aircraft. The robustness of the methodology and the accuracy of the approach are discussed. The method is applying to classical two- and three-dimensional test cases for which experimental data are available in literature. The results are compared with both experiments and body-fitted numerical solutions.

scholarly journals The Potential Application of Endophytes in Management of Stress from Drought and Salinity in Crop Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1729
Author(s):  
Hariom Verma ◽  
Dharmendra Kumar ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
Madhuree Kumari ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Potential Applications

Endophytic microorganisms present inside the host plant play an essential role in host fitness, nutrient supply and stress tolerance. Endophytes are often used in sustainable agriculture as biofertilizers, biopesticides and as inoculants to mitigate abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, cold and pH variation in the soil. In changing climatic conditions, abiotic stresses create global challenges to achieve optimum crop yields in agricultural production. Plants experience stress conditions that involve endogenous boosting of their immune system or the overexpression of their defensive redox regulatory systems with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, rising stress factors overwhelm the natural redox protection systems of plants, which leads to massive internal oxidative damage and death. Endophytes are an integral internal partner of hosts and have been shown to mitigate abiotic stresses via modulating local or systemic mechanisms and producing antioxidants to counteract ROS in plants. Advancements in omics and other technologies have been made, but potential application of endophytes remains largely unrealized. In this review article, we will discuss the diversity, population and interaction of endophytes with crop plants as well as potential applications in abiotic stress management.

scholarly journals THE ARCHAIC ELEMENTS OF THE KYRGYZ NATIONAL GAMES

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Türkmen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Traditional Sports ◽  
Nomadic People ◽  
Kyrgyz Population

Physical culture and sport as a product of certain historical conditions for the development of society, it is the sum of the historical results of human spiritual activity. In this study, is presented one of the oldest Turkish peoples and the background of the traditional sports of the Kyrgyz with a long history. Steppe is compatible with nomadic lifestyle, national will and according to qualifications horse riding, were many sports, including shooting and wrestling. Purpose of the research: natural conditions that reveal traditional sports, the factors that determine the practical character of sports, what are the pedagogical and socio-cultural benefits of the Kyrgyz people? Method of research; it is possible to examine with a few methods, but it is preferred to use the historical method. The limitation of the study: present Kyrgyzstan and their historical geographies. As a result, Kyrgyz, which is understood to be both intellectual and moral as well as physical, has taken part in all stages of traditional sports, social structure and life. There have been some add-ons and outputs according to the changes and developments of the era. The economic life is based on animal husbandry and becoming nomadic people, they live in steep natural conditions and climatic conditions, very frequent battles in the old world, etc., it has determined the style and demand of these sports. In practice, the Kyrgyz population have overcome all these difficulties and became strong military people. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0783/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Natural Conditions and Adaptation to them Among the Population of the Caspian Region in the Early Iron Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 333-347
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasilyev ◽  
◽  
Tatyana Puzanova ◽  
Dmitry Vasiliev ◽  
Svetlana Borutskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Human Adaptation ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Paleo Diet ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Bone Remains

The article presents the results of research on the reconstruction of natural and climatic conditions and human adaptation to them. In order to identify the evolutionary stages of the natural environment of the Western Caspian region in the second half of the Holocene, buried sub-kurgan soils and bone remains in the Bogomolny Sands 1 mound were analyzed. Spore-pollen, anthropological and isotope analyses were carried out on soil and bone samples. Bioclimatic fluctuations of the natural environment were established based on the reconstruction of paleolandscapes (soils, vegetation) and associated changes in socio-cultural factors (changes in paleo-diet, anthropological characteristics).

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