A note on the effects of the method of inclusion of sodium bicarbonate and diet composition on the intake of diets based on silage by dairy cows

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
D. G. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Sodium bicarbonate had no effect on the dry-matter (DM) intake of heifers given a complete mixed diet of grass silage, molasses, barley, soya-bean meal and a mineral mix (660, 140, 100, 85 and 15 g/kg DM respectively) when it was incorporated into the mix at 20 and 40 g/kg DM or sprinkled on top of the diet at a rate of 350 g/day. In a second experiment, cows in mid lactation were given a complete mixed diet of silage, barley, soya-bean meal and minerals (660, 240, 85 and 15 g/kg DM) or the same diet with the barley replaced with molasses at 140 g/kg DM. Sodium bicarbonate was sprinkled on top of the diets at 0, 450 or 900 g/day. There were no significant effects on DM intake in the final week of each 3-week period. However, there was an apparent interaction of diet and sodium bicarbonate on the initial acceptance of the diet, with the intake of the diet in week 1 being significantly lower than the final intake with 900 g/day sodium bicarbonate in the absence but not in the presence of molasses.

A note on the effect of forage type on the yield, chemical composition and clotting properties of milk

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (03) ◽  
pp. 495-499
Author(s):  
J. B. Coulon ◽  
J. P. Garel
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Twenty-five primiparous cows in mid lactation were used in a 2 × 2 Latin-square design experiment. During each 3-week period, cows were offered a diet composed either of grass silage (8.3 kg dry matter (DM) per day) or hay (10.5 kg DM per day). Each diet was supplemented with a mixture of barley, soya-bean meal and urea in proportions calculated to keep the overall rations isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Cows offered grass silage produced more milk (+1.7 kg/day,P<0.01) with less fat and protein (−1.3 g/kg and −0.8 g/kg, respectively,P< 0.01) than those offered hay. All animals gained weight, but they gained more with the hay diet than with the grass silage diet. The rheological parameters of milk were similar in both groups. Rumen juice of cows offered hay had higher concentrations of acetic acid and slightly lower concentrations of propionic and butyric acid (P< 0.01) than cows offered grass silage.

Comparison of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal as protein supplements for dairy cows given grass silage-based diets

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
A. Vanhatalo ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractSixteen early to mid lactation Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and a 4 5 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal protein supplements on animal performance. Dietary treatments consisted of grass silage offered ad libitum supplemented with a fixed amount of a cereal based concentrate (10 kg/day on a fresh weight basis) containing 120, 150, 180 or 210 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM). Concentrate CP content was manipulated by replacement of basal ingredients (g/kg) with either rapeseed expeller (R; 120, 240 and 360) or soya-bean meal (S; 80, 160 and 240). Increases in concentrate CP stimulated linear increases (P < 0·05) in silage intake (mean 22·5 and 23·8 g DM per g/kg increase in dietary CP content, for R and S, respectively) and milk production. Concentrate inclusion of rapeseed expeller elicited higher (P < 0·01) milk yield and milk protein output responses (mean 108 and 3·71 g/day per g/kg DM increase in dietary CP content) than soya-bean meal (corresponding values 62 and 2·57). Improvements in the apparent utilization of dietary nitrogen for milk protein synthesis (mean 0·282 and 0·274, for R and S, respectively) were associated with higher (P < 0·05) plasma concentrations of histidine, branched-chain, essential and total amino acids (35, 482, 902 and 2240 and 26, 410, 800 and 2119 µmol/l, respectively) and lower (P < 0·01) concentrations of urea (corresponding values 4·11 and 4·52 mmol/l). Heat-treated rapeseed expeller proved to be a more effective protein supplement than solvent-extracted soya-bean meal for cows offered grass silage-based diets.

The effects of feeding high concentrations of molasses and supplementing with nitrogen and unprotected tallow on intake and performance of dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D. J. Roberts ◽  
J. Higginbotham
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractA series of three replicated 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments was carried out with lactating dairy cows (15 in experiments 1 and 3, and 18 in experiment 2). The objectives of these experiments were to investigate if the feeding of high concentrations of molasses would be detrimental to the performance or health of cows, and if the strategic supplementation of nitrogen or unprotected fat could enhance the efficiency of molasses feeding. In experiment 1, complete diets were based on grass silage with three inclusion rates of a liquid molasses-based supplement (Molaferm 20) to supply molasses dry matter (DM) of 125, 250 and 375 g/kg DM respectively. In experiment 2, the control diet contained (g/kg DM) 460 grass silage, 310 'molaferm 20' and 192 barley and 22 soya-bean meal, and was then supplemented with urea (12 g/kg DM) or soya-bean meal (177 g/kg DM). In experiment 3, the control diet was based on (g/kg DM) grass silage (460), molaferm 20 (310), barley (130), soya-bean meal (65) and oatfeed (20). Two concentrations, low and high, of unprotected tallow were added to the control diet (12·5 and 25·8 g/kg DM, respectively).In experiment 1, cows suffered from some scouring on the highest molasses treatment, but recovered when changed to either the medium or low molasses treatment. However, there were no clinical symptoms of ill health observed during experiments 2 and 3. In experiment 1, animal intake and performance on the diets containing molasses DM of 125, 250 and 375 g/kg DM respectively were: total DM intake, 12·8, 16·2 and 18·6 kg/day (s.e.d. 1·03, P < 0·001); milk yield, 15·5,17·4 and 17·6 kg/day (s.e.d. 0·53, low v. medium or high, P < 0·01); fat concentration, 39·6, 39·7 and 40·0g/kg (s.e.d. 0·70, P>0·05); protein concentration, 31·6, 32·7 and 33·6g/kg (s.e.d. 0·22, P < 0·05). In experiment 2, supplementation of the control diet both with urea and soya-bean meal significantly increased DM intake (P < 0·01); milk yield (P < 0·01) and protein concentration in milk (P < 0·05), but had no significant effects on fat concentration in milk (P > 0·05). In experiment 3, there were no significant differences in DM intake between the three treatments. However, supplementation with both low and high concentrations of unprotected tallow significantly increased milk yield (P < 0·01) and significantly decreased fat (P < 0·01) and protein (P < 0·001) concentrations in milk.It is concluded that lactating dairy cows could be given molasses up to 250 g/kg DM in grass silage-based complete diets without adverse effects on milk production or health. When a diet contained a high concentration of molasses (248 g/kg DM), supplementation with urea and soya-bean meal increased intake and milk production, and supplementation with unprotected tallow also increased milk yield, but fat and protein concentrations in milk were decreased.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Greife ◽  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.

Intensive beef production 5. The effect of different sources of protein on nitrogen retention

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Bowers ◽  
T. R. Preston ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Different Sources

SUMMARY1. Nitrogen balance studies were made on 8 Friesian steers given allconcentrate diets containing fish meal, soya bean meal, groundnut meal or cottonseed meal.2. There were no differences in nitrogen retention but voluntary feed intake was significantly lower on the fish meal diet.3. Adjustment of nitrogen retention to constant dry matter intake resulted in significantly higher values for the diets containing fish meal and cottonseed meal than for the others.4. Rumen pH, rumen ammonia and blood urea were all much lower on the fish meal diet.

Protein supplementation of silage-based diets for calves

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Total N ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to examine the effects on the intake and performance of calves of supplementing a diet, based on high-digestibility, well-preserved grass silage, with fish meal. The effects of fish-meal supplementation were examined at each of two amounts of concentrate intake (1·05 and 2·2 kg/day) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Fish meal was offered at a rate of 75 g/kg silage dry-matter (DM) intake. Experiments 1 and 2 involved 36 and 40 castrated male calves, respectively, which were initially 7 weeks old and had a live weight of 70 kg. The treatments were imposed for 20 weeks. The silages used in the two experiments had mean concentrations of 22-8 g nitrogen (N) per kg DM; 524 g protein N per kg total N; 59 g ammonia N per kg total N; 0·4 g butyric acid per kg DM; and 712 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The concentrate consisted of (g/kg) 800 ground barley, 125 soya bean meal, 50 molasses and 25 mineral and vitamin supplement, respectively, and contained 29 g N per kg DM. Silage DM intakes and live-weight gains for the low and high amounts of concentrate supplementation were 1·93 and 1·46 (s.e. 0·055) kg/day and 0·84 and 1·01 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day respectively. The supplement of fish meal did not affect silage DM intake or animal performance for either concentrate intake. Proportionately, only 0·21 of the difference in live weight at the end of the treatment periods between the two amounts of concentrate intake remained at slaughter at 18 months of age. It is concluded that the optimum growth rate for autumn-born calves during their first winter can be sustained by a diet of high-digestibility grass silage supplemented with a maximum of 1·0 kg cereal-soya bean meal concentrate and that no response in performance was obtained to supplementation of this diet with fish meal.

The effects of postruminal supplements of casein and of soya-protein isolate with or without additional amino acids on silage intake and milk production in dairy cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 202-202
Author(s):  
Jai-Jun Choung ◽  
David G. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soya Protein ◽  
Soya Protein Isolate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

When the proteins are given direct into the abomasum of dairy cows receiving diets based on grass silage, casein produces much greater responses of milk production than do equivalent amounts of soya-protein (Choung and Chamberlain 1991a, b). However, the cause of these differences of response is not known. In feeding trials, supplementation of silage diets containing soya bean meal with rumen-protected forms of the amino acids thought to be most limiting, methionine and lysine, has been without effect (Girdler et al 1988).

Feed Additives for Fattening Cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
P.J. Broadbent ◽  
E.A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Daily Gain

Feed additives are widely used in beef production systems. Two trials were made to measure the effect of feed additives on the daily gain and feed efficiency of fattening beef cattle. In the first trial 48 Friesians and 48 weaned suckled calves weighing about 390 kg were fed individually on grass silage ad libitum together with 4 kg (Friesians) and 3 kg (weaned calves) bruised barley daily. The treatments were control (C), no additive; Avotan 150 mg/d (A); Flavomycin 45 mg/d (F) and Romensin 200 mg/d (R). Minerals and vitamins were given daily on the silage. In the second trial there were 240 Friesian and Exotic x Friesian bulls. They were housed on slats in groups of 15 and offered a mixture of bruised barley and soya bean meal ad libitum. The treatments were control, no additive; Flavomycin 50 mg/d, Romensin 210 mg/d and Salinomycin 150 mg/d. In trial 1 the steers were implanted with Ralgro and the heifers with Finaplix. No implants were used in the second trial. All the animals were weighed regularly and feed intake was recorded continuously. They were slaughtered when they achieved the required conformation and fat cover.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

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