Rumen degradation of straw 9. Effect of cellulase and ammonia treatment on different varieties of rice straws and their botanical fractions

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakashima ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

ABSTRACTThe composition and degradability of four varieties of rice straw were examined. The varieties were tall or short and early or late maturing. The straws and their botanical parts (leaf blade plus leaf sheath, internode, node and chaff) varied in acid-detergent fibre, ash and silica contents, but not in nitrogen and neutral-detergent fibre. There were some trends but no significant difference in proportions of parts between varieties. Milled samples of whole straw and its parts were either untreated, treated with a cellulase preparation plus propionic acid, treated with ammonia, or treated with cellulase then ammonia. Rumen degradability was measured by incubating the samples in polyester bags suspended in the rumen of sheep. The soluble fraction and potential degradability were greater in untreated short and early than in tall and late varieties, but rates of degradation did not vary significantly. Internode was more degradable than leaf. Cellulase and/or ammonia treatments increased the soluble fraction, especially in tall and late varieties, and increased potential degradabiiity except in internode. Degradability correlated positively with ash and silica contents.

Rumen degradation of straw 3. Botanical fractions of two rice straw varieties and effects of ammonia treatment

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Walli ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
P. K. Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Organic Matter Loss ◽  
Whole Plants

ABSTRACTTwo varieties of rice straw, long variety — no. 370 Basmati traditional (L) and short variety — no. PR106 hybrid (S) were separated into botanical fractions giving the proportion of leaf plus leaf sheath, internode, node and chaff (g/kg dry matter) as 633, 247, 83 and 37 for L and 680, 156, 76 and 88 for S, respectively. Samples of whole plants, leaves plus leaf sheaths and internodes were subjected to ammonia treatment. The chemical composition and the rumen degradability of dry matter and organic matter determined by the nylon bag technique were ascertained for treated and untreated samples of whole plants and botanical fractions of plants from both varieties. The ash and silica content were higher in leaf plus leaf sheath, 211 and 102 g/kg for the L and 190 and 67 g/kg for the S, than in internodes, 160 and 29 g/kg for L and 184 and 29 g/kg S, respectively.The potential degradability (a + b) value from the formula p = a + b(−e−ct) for dry-matter loss (DML), organic-matter loss (OML) and degradability of organic matter in dry matter (DOMD) were significantly higher for the S being 622, 659 and 544 g/kg, than for the L being 561, 586 and 500 g/kg, respectively (P < 0·01). The degradation rate too was significantly higher for the S than for the L for DML, OML and DOMD (P < 0·01). The ammonia treatment significantly improved the potential degradability for DML, OML and DOMD for both the varieties and their fractions (P < 0·01).

Rumen degradation of straw 4. Selection and degradation of morphological components of barley straw by sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Bhargava ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
T. K. Walli
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractExperiments were made to study the proportion, chemical composition, and rumen degradability of the morphological components of barley straw (Corgi variety) and to study the selection of these components by sheep. The proportions in the harvested straw dry matter (DM) as leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem and chaff were 128, 314, 500 and 58 g/kg DM, respectively. The different components of straw on analysis proved to have very different concentrations of nitrogen and neutral-detergent cellulase digestibility. The leaf blades had the highest and the stems the lowest values. The degradabilities of DM in the components and in the whole straw were determined by measuring DM loss from samples incubated in nylon bags for various periods in the rumen of sheep. Responses were measured using the mathematical model p = a+b (1–e−ct) where p is DM loss, (a+b) potential degradability, c the rate constant of DM loss and t is the time of incubation. DM losses decreased in the order leaf blades > leaf sheath > whole plant > chaff > stems. Leaf blades also had the highest potential degradability and rate of degradation.In another trial, five sheep were offered unchopped barley straw ad libitum. There were five treatment periods in which sheep were allowed to leave uneaten proportionately 0·2, 0·3, 0·4, 0·5 and 0·7 of the straw on offer for assessing the animal's selection of the morphological components of that straw. The amount of leaf blade in the material consumed increased in largely a linear (P < 0·01) fashion with the amount of excess allowance. The proportion of stem eaten varied conversely. The selection of leaf sheath was less apparent. Little stem was consumed until the proportion of leaf blade in the food available decreased below proportionately 0·4. The practical significance of the study is discussed.

Cultivation of housefly larvae (Musca domestica L.) as a biological method to enrich rice straw and maximise its utilisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
F.M. Abo-Donia ◽  
U.A. Nayel
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Biological Technique ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

This study is aimed at presenting a new biological technique to enrich rice straw via the cultivation of Musca domestica (MD) and at evaluating the outcome of this technique using in vitro and in vivo studies. Rice straw was treated using molasses and water at 17.5: 0.375: 7.0 (w/v/v), respectively. The mixture was left in an open shaded area for 11 successive days to allow MD to lay eggs and produce larvae. During this time, the recorded temperature was 35.6±2.2 °C and the humidity was 49±5.7%. Rice straw treated with 4% urea (URS) and untreated rice straw (RS) were used for comparison with in vitro and in vivo MD maggot rice straw (MRS). The crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents gradually increased during the first 8 days, and then began to gradually decrease until the 11th day. In vitro studies were performed on RS, MRS and URS as a single substrate. Instead, in the in vivo studies, experimental RS was offered ad libitum to sheep, and a concentrate feed mixture was provided as pellets to cover the maintenance requirements. The volume of produced gas and the in vitro degradability of the organic matter (OM), ash-free neutral detergent fibre, and CP (P<0.05) increased with the fermentation of the mg of MRS, compared to URS, which in turn was (P<0.05) higher than that of RS incubation. The consumed MRS was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the consumed URS. At the same time, the URS consumption was highly (P<0.05) significant, compared to the RS consumption. The eating, ruminating and chewing time (min/head/d) was significantly (P<0.05) higher when RS was consumed, compared to URS and MRS. Eating a diet including MRS led to higher (P<0.05) dry matter, OM, CP, EE, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre digestibility, than the diet containing URS, which was significantly (P<0.05) superior to the diet containing RS. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein values of the MRS-containing diet improved (P<0.05) more than that of URS, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than RS. In short, the results indicate that MD maggots could be produced on rice straw to elevate the protein content and nutritional value of feeds. Moreover, this technique improved the feed consumption and digestion coefficients more than the treated and untreated rice straw.

Varietal differences in the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vadiveloo
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Stem Leaf

SummaryFour varieties of rice straw, MRl, MR71, MR84 and MR27, were separated into the following botanical fractions; inflorescence, stem, leaf blade and leaf sheath. The relative proportion of each fraction in whole straw was estimated and analysed for its chemical composition and in vitro digestibility (IVD). The composition and IVD of whole straw was then calculated. Cluster analysis showed that MRl was distinct from the other varieties. This could be attributed to a high proportion of stem (32·3%), high IVD (36·9%), low insoluble ash (4·0%) and a low silica content (2·7%) in the whole straw. The genetic distance between any two varieties ranged from 5·4 × 10-3 to 47·8 × 10-3 and was largest between MRl and the other varieties. Cluster analysis also showed that within a variety, the chemical composition and IVD of the stem, leaf blade and leaf sheath were similar, suggesting that sampling errors may be reduced if the inflorescence, which comprises 7–13% of the whole straw, is excluded when the material is analysed. Stepwise and canonical discriminant analyses indicated that the important variables to be measured when comparing straw varieties were IVD, crude protein and insoluble ash.

scholarly journals Rumen degradation characteristics of two tropical forages supplemented with monensin in the rumen of N’dama Steer

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
R. Y. Aderinboye
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Reduction Effect

Rumen degradation characteristics of Panicum maximum and Gmelina arborea forages in response to monensin supplementation were studied in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment using an Ndama fistulated steer. Monensin had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the soluble fraction 'a' of nutrients but showed reductions (P<0.05) in the degradable fractions b' of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre at 30 and 45 mg/kg DM supplementation levels relative to the control. These reductions were within the range of 45.76 - 49.52, 37.88 - 43.57, 44.60 - 45.31 and 45.18 - 46.85% for DM, CP, NDF and ADF, respectively. The potenti al degradation 'p' of DM, NDF, and ADF reduced (P<0.05) at 30 and 45 mg/kg DM while p' for CP reduced at 45 mg/kg DM. Forage type had significant effect (P<0.05) on nutrient degradation with Panicum maximum having lower nutrient degradation characteristics values than those of Gmelina arborea. While monens resulted in reduced nutrient degradation from Panicum maximum at 30 and 45 mg/kg DM, reduction in nutrients degradation from Gmelina arborea was observed only at 45 mg/kg DM. Comparatively, at similar levels of 15, 30 and 45 mg of monensin/kg DM, Panicum maximum had lower (P<0.05) degradation values to those observed for Gmelina arborea. The reduction effect of monensin on nutrient degradation from both forages suggests an inhibition of microbial digestion. This could increase rumen fill, reduce ruminal outflow rate and possibly increase the proportion of un-degradable proteins leaving the rumen for the lower tract. The particular level of monensin supplementation at which such reductions would occur depends on forage type  Keywords: , , .

Rumen degradation of straw. 7. Effects of chemical pre-treatment and addition of propionic acid on degradation characteristics of botanical fractions barley stra treated with a cellulase preparation

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakashima ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
B Values ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Pre Treatment

ABSTRACTFour experiments were carried out to measure the effects of exposure to a cellulase preparation on the degradation characteristics of whole barley straw and its botanical fractions. The effect of chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and H2O2) on treatment with a cellulase preparation and the addition of propionic acid to inhibit loss of dry matter were also studied during the fermentation of ensiled straws. Samples of each preparation were incubated in polyester bags in the rumens of three sheep to estimate degradability. The data were described using the equationp = a + b (1—ec) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants.The pH of ensiled straw was consistently decreased (P < 0·01) and the solubility increased (P < 0·01) by treatment with a cellulase preparation and by increasing the period of ensiling. The b values were decreased by increasing the length of the ensiling period (F < 0·01). The increase in the solubility of the treated botanical fractions was particularly apparent for the leaf blades, followed by leaf sheath, with the internodes being least affected (P < 0·01). However, treatment with a cellulase preparation had little or no effect in increasing the potential degradability (a + b) of any botanical fraction. The degradability of the whole plant and botanical fractions of straw increased (P < 0·01) with NaOH treatment and was further improved (P < 0·01) by alkaline H2O2 treatment. The increase was greater in internodes than in leaf sheath (P < 0·01). Treatment with a cellulase preparation and chemical pre-treatment had little or no effect on the 48-h dry-matter loss (DML) and the (a + b) values, but it increased (P < 0·01) the a values and solubility.DML from straw treated with a cellulase preparation during fermentation decreased (P < 0·01) from about 60 to less than 10 g/kg with 30 g propionic acid added per kg straw to inhibit bacterial activity. The decreased fermentation loss was reflected in an increase in the 48-h DML and potential (a + b) values of straw treated with a cellulase preparation.

scholarly journals Determination of indigestible neutral detergent fibre contents of grasses and its prediction from chemical composition

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jančík ◽  
P. Homolka ◽  
B. Čermák ◽  
F. Lád
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Highly Correlated

Five grass species (<I>Dactylis glomerata</I> L., <I>Phleum pratense</I> L.,<I> Lolium perenne</I> L., <I>Festuca arundinacea</I> L.) and the hybrid Felina (<I>Lolium multiflorum</I> L. × <I> Festuca arundinacea</I> L.), commonly used in roughages for ruminants, were harvested at different maturities of primary growth (<I>n</I> = 60) and evaluated for contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, crude fat, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), indigestible neutral detergent fibre (INDF) and digestible neutral detergent fibre (DNDF). INDF and DNDF contents were determined by <I>in sacco</I> rumen degradation of grasses for 12 days in non-lactating cows. ADL content was found to be highly correlated (<I>P</I> < 0.05) with DNDF (<I>r</I> = –0.87) and presented a reliable (<I>R</I><sup>2</sup> = 0.78; residual mean square error of 17.65 g/kg DM; <I>P</I> < 0.0001) parameter to predict INDF contents. Over a six-week period of maturation INDF contents increased (<I>P</I> < 0.0001) in all studied grasses. It was confirmed by this study that the INDF contents of grasses, which markedly increased during maturation, could be effectively predicted from ADL contents.

Australian and Spanish scientists are collaborating in the domestication of tedera: young Merino sheep grazing a monoculture of tedera in autumn showed preference for certain accessions but no signs of ill health

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Oldham ◽  
D. Real ◽  
H. J. Bailey ◽  
D. Thomas ◽  
A. Van Burgel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Relative Preference ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

We hypothesised (i) that sheep grazing a monoculture of tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirton var. albomarginata and var. crassiuscula) would not show signs of photosensitisation or ill health, and (ii) that when given free grazing choice they would show a repeatable preference for certain accessions of tedera related to their chemical composition. We tested this by grazing a group of young merino wethers on a monoculture containing seven accessions of tedera for 21 days. General health was assessed via daily visual checks for skin pinkness on the nose and ears, weekly measures of liveweight, condition score, and blood analysis compared with a group of control sheep fed wheaten hay ad libitum. The Chesson–Manly selection index was used to examine the relative preference of sheep for the seven accessions of tedera over the 21 days. Each accession of tedera was sampled weekly to estimate the dry matter on offer, and these samples were also analysed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, in vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, minerals, and concentrations of the furanocoumarins psoralen and angelicin. None of the sheep showed any signs of ill health, with all blood parameters being within the normal reference range. All sheep gained weight and body condition over the 21 days. The difference in the rate of gain in condition score in favour of the sheep grazing tedera over the 21 days (0.014 v. 0.002 unit/sheep.day) was significant (P < 0.001). Sheep showed repeated preference for accessions T31 and T43 (α >0.143). Nutritive value of all accessions of tedera was high. However, only acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre affected the relative preference of the sheep (P < 0.05) and they were only weakly correlated (r2 = 0.208 and 0.165, respectively). We conclude that there are accessions of tedera that are preferred by sheep that could be used to fill the autumn feed gap experienced in the south of Western Australia without any risk to the health of the sheep.

Phomopsis oryzae-sativae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Collar Rot ◽  
Oryza Saliva ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phomopsis oryzae-sativae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Oryza saliva. DISEASE: Collar rot of rice, appearing at the end of tillering stage. Visible symptoms are small dark brown lesions at the base of the auricle of the topmost fully expanded leaf. These lesions enlarge to cover the whole auricle and in the advanced stage lesions extend to the adjacent parts of the leaf sheath and leaf blade. Within 14 days the blade joint at the top of leaf sheath turns dark brown and then rots, causing the leaf blade to drop off (Kanjanasoon, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Thailand). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported. Conidia presumably dispersed by water splash.

scholarly journals Succession of methanogenic archaea in rice straw incorporated into a Japanese rice field: estimation by PCR-DGGE and sequence analyses

Archaea ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuo Sugano ◽  
Hidetaka Tsuchimoto ◽  
Tun Cho Cho ◽  
Makoto Kimura ◽  
Susumu Asakawa
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Archaeal Communities

The succession and phylogenetic profiles of methanogenic archaeal communities associated with rice straw decomposition in rice-field soil were studied by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis followed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Nylon bags containing either leaf sheaths or blades were buried in the plowed layer of a Japanese rice field under drained conditions during the off-crop season and under flooded conditions after transplanting. In addition, rice straw samples that had been buried in the rice field under drained conditions during the off-crop season were temporarily removed during spring plowing and then re-buried in the same rice field under flooded conditions at transplanting. Populations of methanogenic archaea were examined by amplification of the 16S rRNA genes in the DNA extracted from the rice straw samples. No PCR product was produced for samples of leaf sheath or blade prior to burial or after burial under drained conditions, indicating that the methanogen population was very small during decomposition of rice straw under oxic conditions. Many common bands were observed in rice straw samples of leaf sheath and blade during decomposition of rice straw under flooded conditions. Cluster analysis based on DGGE patterns divided methanogenic archaeal communities into two groups before and after the mid-season drainage. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands that were commonly present were closely related toMethanomicrobialesand Rice cluster I.Methanomicrobiales, Rice cluster I andMethanosarcinaleswere major members before the mid-season drainage, whereas the DGGE bands that characterized methanogenic archaeal communities after the mid-season drainage were closely related toMethanomicrobiales. These results indicate that mid-season drainage affected the methanogenic archaeal communities irrespective of their location on rice straw (sheath and blade) and the previous history of decomposition during the off-crop season.

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