The influence of nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig 1. Effects of protein nutrition prior and subsequent to 6·5 kg on growth and development to 45 kg

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Treatment

ABSTRACTForty-five piglets were used to study the effects of feeding diets containing 153, 239 or 321 g crude protein per kg dry matter between 1·8 and 6·5 kg live weight, and low and high protein diets subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of skeletal muscle to 45 kg live weight.Reducing dietary crude protein between 1·8 and 6·5 kg live weight depressed growth performance and at 6·5 kg live weight increased body fat content but reduced body protein, body water and the weight and DNA content of the adductor muscle. The effects of dietary protein content before 6·5 kg live weight on body composition at the latter weight were still evident in pigs killed at 11·5 kg live weight whilst the differences in muscle DNA persisted to 45 kg live weight.On the lower protein treatment subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight there was a tendency for pigs given the lowest protein diet before 6-5 kg live weight to exhibit better growth performance and deposit protein at a faster rate than those given the higher protein diets. However, these responses were reversed on the higher protein treatment subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight.The effects of dietary protein content subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of muscle tissue were qualitatively the same as those for the live-weight phase 1·8 to 6·5 kg.

scholarly journals 224 A method for estimating the target for protein energy retention in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
Holland C Dougherty ◽  
Hutton Oddy ◽  
Mark Evered ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Reference Weight ◽  
Animal Growth

Abstract Target protein mass at maturity is a common “attractor” used in animal models to derive components of animal growth. This target muscle protein at maturity, M*, is used as a driver of a model of animal growth and body composition with pools representing muscle and visceral protein; where viscera is heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, reticulorumen and gastrointestinal tract; and muscle is non-visceral protein. This M* term then drives changes in protein mass and heat production, based on literature data stating that heat production scales linearly with protein mass but not liveweight. This led us to adopt a modelling approach where energy utilization is directly related to protein content of the animal, and energy not lost as heat or deposited as protein is fat. To maintain continuity with existing feeding systems we estimate M* from Standard Reference Weight (SRW) as follows: M* (kJ) = SRW * SHRINK * (1-FMAT) * (MUSC) * (CPM)* 23800. Where SRW is standard reference weight (kg), SHRINK is the ratio of empty body to live weight (0.86), FMAT is proportion of fat in the empty body at maturity (0.30), MUSC is the proportion of empty body protein that is in muscle (0.85), CPM is the crude protein content of fat-free muscle at maturity (0.21), and 23800 is the energetic content (kJ) of a kilogram of crude protein. Values for SHRINK, FMAT, MUSC and CPM were derived from a synthesis of our own experimental data and the literature. For sheep, these values show M* to be: M* (kJ) = SRW * 0.86* (1-0.3) * 0.85 * 0.21 *23800 = SRW * 2557. This method allows for use of existing knowledge regarding standard reference weight and other parameters in estimating target muscle mass at maturity, as part of a model of body composition and performance in ruminants.

The influence of nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig 3. Effects of energy intake prior and subsequent to 10 kg on growth and development to 30 kg live weight

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Level ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

ABSTRACT1. Forty-two piglets were used to study the effects of a low, medium or high level of energy intake (1·0, 1·4 and 1·9 MJ gross energy per kg W0·75 per day respectively) from 1·8 to 10 kg live weight and a low or high level of energy intake (1·4 and 1·8 MJ digestible energy per kg W075 per day respectively) subsequent to 10 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue to 30 kg live weight. During both live-weight periods all pigs received the same daily intake of crude protein.2. Raising energy intake in the period prior to 10 kg live weight increased (P < 0·-05) growth rate, body fat content and fat cell size but reduced food conversion efficiency, body protein and water (P < 0·05) and muscle deoxyribonucleic acid. These effects on body composition and muscle deoxyribonucleic acid at 10 kg live weight were still evident at 30 kg live weight.3. Subsequent to 10 kg live weight, pigs previously given the lowest energy intake deposited protein and fat at a faster rate and exhibited more rapid and efficient growth (P < 0·05) than pigs previously given the high energy intake.4. At 30 kg live weight pigs given the two higher levels of energy intake before 10 kg live weight contained less deoxyribonucleic acid (P < 0·05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue and had larger (P < 0·05) fat cells than those given the lowest energy intake before 10 kg live weight.5. The effects of energy intake subsequent to 10 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue were qualitatively the same as those for the period 1·8 to 10 kg live weight.

The influence of dietary protein and energy intake on the performance, body composition and energy utilization of pigs growing from 7 to 19 kg

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

ABSTRACTThirty-six entire male pigs were used to investigate the effects of two levels of dietary crude protein (150 and 220 g/kg) each in combination with four levels of feeding (1·0, 1·32, 1·64 MJ digestible energy/kg M0·73per day andad libitum) on growth, body composition and energy utilization over the live-weight range 7 to 19 kg.Growth rate responded linearly (P< 0·001) to increasing energy intake but was depressed (P< 0·05) when dietary crude protein was reduced from 220 to 150 g/kg.Raising digestible energy intake increased and decreased respectively the proportions of fat and protein in the empty body at 19 kg live weight. However, the magnitude of the response of both components to change in digestible energy intake was reduced in the case of pigs fed the lower protein diet.Total energy retained and that retained as fat and as protein responded linearly (P< 0·001) to change in digestible energy intake of either diet. Extrapolation of the regression of total energy retained on digestible energy intake yielded a digestible energy requirement for maintenance of 510 kJ/kg M0·75per day, which was unaffected by level of dietary protein.The partial efficiencies of protein utilization, estimated from the regressions of protein deposition (g/day) on protein intake (g/day), were 0·616 and 0·411 for pigs given the diets containing 150 and 220 g crude protein per kg respectively.

The response of early-weaned pigs to various protein levels in a high energy diet

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Protein Diets

SUMMARYThirty-six male piglets weaned at 20 days of age were allocated to an initial slaughter group and to five dietary treatments with proteinlevels of 15·0, 17·2, 19·1, 21·4 and 23·2% crude protein at a common energy level of approximately 3·6 Meal digestible energy/kg. All diets were offered ad libitum and growth response was compared between 5 and 20 kg and 10 and 20 kg live weight. In both periods there were significant improvements in growth and the food conversion ratio from 15·0 to 17·2%, and 17·2 to 19·1% crude protein. Between 10 and 20 kg live weight dietary protein levels above 19·1% were associated with a depression in growth. Carcass protein increased and ether-extractable material decreased with increased dietary protein over the entire range studied. Retention of digestible nitrogen was maximized on the lower protein diets. Conversion of food into carcass lean was maximized on the two highest protein diets.

The effects of carbadox on the performance and carcass characteristics of early-weaned pigs given high- and low-protein diets

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACTThirty-six male pigs weaned at 28 days of age were used to study the effects of methyl-3-(2- quinoxalinylmethylene) carbazate-N1, N4-dioxide (carbadox) in high- and low-protein diets on the performance of pigs growing between 7 and 32 kg live weight, and on carcass characteristics at the latter weight.The inclusion of carbadox (55 mg/kg) in a high-protein diet containing 195 g crude protein per kg and 10·2 g lysine per kg had no effect on performance or on carcass characteristics. Pigs offered the high-protein diets grew more rapidly, had a lower food conversion ratio and were leaner at 32 kg live weight than those offered a lowprotein diet containing 146g crude protein per kg and 6·0 g lysine per kg. Supplementation of the low-protein diet with lysine (4·2 g/kg) had no effect on performance or carcass characteristics but the inclusion of carbadox in the low-protein diet increased growth performance and reduced carcass backfat measurements at 32 kg. However, the performance was inferior, and the backfat thickness greater, compared with the high-protein diets. On the other hand, supplementation of the low-protein diet with lysine plus carbadox raised growth performance and reduced carcass backfat measurements to the levels exhibited on the high protein diets.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb:III. The effect of ad libitum intake of diets varying in protein concentration on performance and on body composition at different live weights

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

SUMMARY1. Fifty lambs weaned at about 5 weeks of age were fed ad libitum on mixtures of barley and fish meal containing either 11·0, 15·7 or 19·4% crude protein in dry matter. Male and female lambs on each diet were killed at intervals, starting after they had been on the diets for 3 weeks. The last to be killed had attained a live weight of about 55 kg.2. The mean rate of voluntary feed consumption was less at all live weights for the lambs on the diet containing 11·0% crude protein than for those on the other diets and the difference was statistically significant at live weights of 30 and 35 kg. Mean rates of live-weight gain on the low, medium and high protein diets were respectively 191, 270 and 330 g per day for the male lambs and 177, 225 and 301 g per day for the females, the increase with protein concentration being highly significant. Feed conversion rate (kg feed/kg gain) over the whole experiment increased with increasing weight at slaughter. After adjustment for this effect the mean values showed significant dietary effects, and were least on the highest protein concentration.3. The percentages (y) of nitrogen or of ether extract in the dry matter of the carcass or of the whole empty body were found to be related non-linearly to the empty-body weight (x) at time of slaughter. The relationships were satisfactorily described by equations of the form y = A + Be-Cx, where A, B and C were fitted constants. The relationships for males and females had to be fitted separately, but a common value of A could be used with each of the three groups of male lambs and similarly for the three female groups.4. These relationships were used to obtain estimates of the nitrogen, ether extract and energy content of empty-body gain per unit live-weight gain. The estimated percentages of energy retained as fat were of the order of 76–83%, in agreement with ARC estimates (1965), except for male lambs between 14 and 20 kg live weight on medium or high-protein diets, for which the estimates were only 62 and 63%.5. The implications of these relationships are discussed with particular reference to the finding of dietary effects on body composition during the growth period of the lambs and to the tendency for these differences in body composition to diminish as mature live weight was approached. The differences in body composition between male and female lambs showed no such tendency to diminish.

Growth and food utilization of the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis australis (Richardson) given paired iso-energetic diets with increasing crude protein content

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Engin ◽  
C. G. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Anguilla Australis ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of 100 g/kg increments of crude protein (approx. 250 (P25) to 550 (P55) g/kg of crude protein) in paired iso-energetic diets on the growth performance of the juvenile Australian short-finned eel (1·83 (s.e. 0·01) g average wet weight). The highest growth response was obtained with treatment P45 followed by P35, P55 and P25. It appeared that food efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing crude protein content in low energy diets (treatments P25 and P35). However, 100 g/kg increase in dietary crude protein content (from 450 to 550 kg crude protein per kg diet) in high energy diets resulted in lower FER for treatment P55 than for the treatment P45. The protein efficiency ratio (PER, %) was higher in low protein:low energy diets (treatments P25 and P35) than that of high protein:high energy diets (treatments P45 and P55). The protein productive values (PPV, %) for treatments followed a similar trend to PER in this experiment. The lowest PPV was obtained by the treatment P55 and it was significantly different from that of the other three treatments. A proportional increase in dietary crude protein content in paired iso-energetic diets did not significantly change the whole body protein content. However, a small increase in whole body protein content with increasing dietary crude protein in each group was detected. In conclusion, the present study showed protein sparing effects of lipids and carbohydrates in the diets of the short-finned eel. Further studies specifically investigating the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios at different protein levels would improve diet formulation and reduce nutrient impact in intensive recirculation systems.

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