Ground and pelleted straw and hay for fattening Israeli-Friesian male calves

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
S. Amir ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
H. Neumark
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ground Wheat ◽  
Energy Conversion Ratio

SUMMARYThe performance of Israeli-Friesian male calves on six rations, including two levels (15% and 30%) of ground wheat straw and oatvetch hay in pelleted mixtures, and the same two levels of ground straw in non-pelleted mixtures, was examined.Daily live-weight and carcass gain were higher on the lower level of both roughages. The differences in performance on hay and straw were insignificant. Feed intake was higher on the 15% level of both roughages when pelleted but the energy conversion ratio was higher on pelleted rations of both levels of straw.The dressing percentage was higher for animals on pelleted rations. There was no significant difference in percentage fat trim, percentage bone or percentage saleable meat in the carcasses. There was 20% more kidney, pelvic and cod fat on the lower level of roughage.The digestibility of organic matter was higher on rations with the lower level of roughage, and on the pelleted rations compared with the non-pelleted at equal level of roughage. This was not the case for the digestibility of crude fibre. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on the lower levels of straw and on the pelleted rations of a similar level, and was higher on hay rations than on straw rations. Ration differences in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor were detected.Pelleting appeared to improve the nutritive value of straw.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

Uromol as a source of dietary nitrogen for ruminants: metabolic and rumen fermentation studies on buffalo calves

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Malik ◽  
P. N. Langar ◽  
A. K. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Groundnut Meal

SUMMARYThe nutritive value of uromol, a heated product of urea and molasses, was compared with raw urea–molasses and groundnut meal in three metabolic trials on buffalo calves. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) as urea or uromol contributed about 65, 48 and 30% of the nitrogen in the experimental concentrate mixtures, replacing partially or completely the groundnut meal of the control diets. The results showed that at 65% nitrogen replacement, the crude fibre and cellulose digestibilities and the nitrogen retention of the uromol diet was similar to that of the control but was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses diet. At 48% nitrogen replacement the nitrogen retention in the uromol-fed animals was still significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses fed group. At 30% nitrogen replacement, the differences between the control, urea–molasses and uromol groups were not significant.In vivo rumen studies with the diets containing 50% NPN replacement showed lower but sustained ammonia-N with uromol than the urea–molasses diet. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in rumen fluid, though initially higher in the control and uromol groups, were not significantly different from the urea–molasses group. Abomasal studies with diets containing 65% N as urea or uromol indicated a higher total nitrogen content in the abomasal fluid of the control and uromol-fed animals than the urea-fed animals. The 24 h abomasal passage of total-N/100 g nitrogen consumed was 95·5, 93·5 and 77·9 g in control, uromol and urea groups, respectively. The TCA-precipitatable-N (TCA-N) was also higher in the first two groups. These studies suggest that uromol is safer and has a better feeding value than urea–molasses at high rates of nitrogen replacement.

Studies on the nutritive value of silage with particular reference to the effects of energy and nitrogen supplementation in growing heifers

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Griffiths ◽  
T. A. Spillane ◽  
I. H. Bath
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Linear Relationship

SummaryFour digestibility and balance experiments were carried out in which 33 growing heifers were fed basal diets of low dry matter silage offeredad libitum, supplemented with various levels of barley and/or groundnut meal or urea.Voluntary intake of the silages was low although apparent digestibility of D.M. was high (66–75%). There was a significant linear negative relationship between the intake of D.M. as supplement and silage D.M. intake.Apparent digestibility of crude fibre in the silages was high (74–83%). It was depressed significantly by addition of barley but not by addition of groundnut. There was a highly significant linear relationship between the digestibility of D.M. and G.B. in the mixed silage concentrate diets used.Metabolizable energy (M.E.) values for the silages varied from 2·04 to 2·52 Mcal/kg (8·5–10·5 MJ/kg) D.M. Supplementation with barley at approximately 1% of live weight, increased M.E. values of the mixed diets to 2·57–2·85 Mcal/kg (10·8–11·9 MJ/kg) D.M. Additional N had little effect on these values.Nitrogen retention was significantly increased in all experiments by barley supplementation. It was further significantly increased by groundnut in three experiments and by urea in one experiment.Multiple regression analysis showed that N retention was significantly related to both M.E. intake and intake of absorbed N, and to M.E. intake and intake of supplementary N.Apparent availabilities of Ca and Mg in silage based diets were low and the availability of Na varied with Na intake. Supplementation with either energy or nitrogen increased apparent availability and retention of Mg but did not exert consistent effects on availability or retention of Ca or Na.There was a highly significant linear relationship between ingested and digested Na but not for Ca or Mg. There was a highly significant linear relationship between absorbed and retained Ca and Mg, but not for Na.Animals fed second cut silages had rather low blood glucose levels and higher than normal levels of blood ketones.

Effect of including ensiled broiler-house litter in the rations of sheep on the digestibility of nutrients and the retention of nitrogen

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (84) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJL Jacobs ◽  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Broiler House

The palatability and nutritive value of rations for sheep containing ensiled broiler-house litter and crushed barley (1:1 ratio) were compared with rations containing unprocessed broiler-house litter and barley. The ensiling of poultry litter together with barley (30 per cent moisture) for three or six weeks resulted in increased feed intakes compared with diets containing poultry litter ensiled alone for three or six weeks and mixed with barley or a diet in which neither poultry litter nor the barley were ensiled. The nitrogen digestibility of the totally ensiled diets was greater than that of the other diets when these values were corrected for differences in feed intake by covariance. Nitrogen retention by the sheep fed the totally ensiled diets was also greater than when they were fed the other diets. The greater feed intakes and nitrogen retention of the sheep when fed the totally ensiled diets compared with those diets that were partially ensiled or not ensiled at all may have been due to a change in the form of nitrogen and to the production of volatile fatty acids during the fermentation of the rations.

A note on the use of sorghum as a substitute for maize in a diet for growing pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-445
Author(s):  
Paula M. A. A. Serra ◽  
O. E. R. Olivetra ◽  
T. H. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gross Energy

ABSTRACTAn experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of using sorghum as a substitute for maize on digestibility and nitrogen retention in the growing pig. Two levels of sorghum, 200 and 400 g/kg, substituting for maize on a weight basis, were used. The chemical composition of control and test diets was similar. In the metabolism trial, digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude fibre, nitrogen and gross energy were significantly lower for the animals given the higher level of sorghum. In the feeding trial, no significant differences were recorded between the three groups in relation to food conversion ratio, daily live-weight gain, killing-out proportion and carcass quality. It is concluded that yellow sorghum may replace up to 400 g of maize per kg in diets for growing pigs without having detrimental effects on animal performance.

Feeding value of wilted silages made using formic acid, formaldehyde and propionic acid

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Donaldson ◽  
R. A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYThe nutritive value of four silages was compared using eight rumenfistulated wethers. Wilted ryegrass was ensiled without additive (A); with formic acid (13·9 kg/t dry matter) (B); with formic acid (10·3 kg/t dry matter) plus formalin (formaldehyde at 4·8 kg/t dry matter) (C); with formic acid (4·9 kg/t dry matter) plus formalin (formaldehyde at 2·3 kg/t dry matter) plus propionic acid (5·6 kg/t dry matter) (D).Dry-matter intakes were 13·8, 15·1, 14·3 and 14·3 g/kg live weight for A, B, C and D respectively. Digestibilities of organic matter and dry matter were not affected by the additives. Digestibility of nitrogen and peak ruminal ammonia concentration were significantly (P<0·05) reduced by the addition of formaldehyde.The effect on rumen fermentation characteristics, of chemically restricting in-silo fermentation, is illustrated. Differences in the rumen volatile fatty acids and in the efficiency of utilization of the energy for growth, fattening and lactation are discussed.

scholarly journals Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. M. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

1. Two experiments are reported in which sodium and calcium salts of volatile fatty acids (VFA) were given to lambs as additions to two basal dietsof hay andconcentrate. The two diets induced distinctly different types of rumen fermentation. A low-concentrate diet gave higher acetic and lower butyric acid proportions in the rumen contents than a high-concentrate diet. The two diets were given to lambs to provide equal intake of digestible organic matter. In one change-over experiment with twelve sheep the nitrogen retention was determined, and in a second experiment involving sixty-four lambs the efficiency of the VFA salt to promote body-weight gain was estimated. 2. The estimated metabolizable energy (ME) from the high-concentrate diet was utilized significantly more efficiently than that from the low-concentrate diet to promote positive nitrogen retention and to increase empty body-weight and carcass weight. These differences in final live weight were not significant owing to the greater content of the alimentary tract of lambs given the low-concentrate diet. 3. On both diets the lambs receiving the additions of VFA salts grew faster and produced significantly greater empty body and carcass weights than the lambs receiving only the basal diets. 4. For promoting carcass gain the energy derived from the VFA salts appeared to be utilized more efficiently than the calculated ME above maintenance of the two basal diets. 5. There were no significant differences between the efficiency of utilization of the energy from acetate, propionate and butyrate to promote carcass gains. There was, however, a tendency for the response to acetate to be greater on the high-concentrate diet than on the low-concentrate diet. 6. With a low level of feeding but with positive N balance, addition of acetate resulted in a greater N retention than that of propionate with both diets. 7. It is concluded that if the reported low utilization of the ME of diets high in roughage is related to the proportion of acetic acid in the rumen contents, then the implied losses of energy may be associated with the formation of acetic acid rather than its utilization.

Effects of dietary oil palm, plantain and Calopogonium spp. leaves on performance and sensory values of rabbit meat

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
J.N. Ingweye ◽  
J. Mfon ◽  
G.A. Kalio ◽  
F.I. Ologbose
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Better Than

Performance and organoleptic indices of rabbits fed plantain, oil palm and calopogonium leaves was assessed using 48, eight weeks old bucks. They were allotted to four groups of 12 animals and three replicates of four animals each. Group A (control) was fed calopogonium leaf while groups B, C, and D were fed plantain leaf, oil palm leaf, and 50% oil palm + 50% plantain leaves, respectively. Animals consumed fixed amount of commercial pellets while forages and water were given ad libitum. Completely randomized design, one-way analysis of variance was used. Proximate analysis of pellets and forages as well as feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were assessed. At the end of the experiment, meat from one rabbit per treatment was used for sensory evaluation by 20 semi-trained panelists using 7-point hedonic scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Significant means were separated using Least Significant Difference. Crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and ash contents of the leaves ranged from 25.11±1.50 (calopogonium) to 4.90±0.92 (oil palm), 38.40±2.12 (oil palm) to 15.38±0.07 (plantain), 9.71±0.01 (plantain) to 2.30±0.01 (oil palm), 47.80±0.56 (oil palm) to 32.27±0.02 (calopogonium) and 11.93±0.02 (plantain) to 2.99±0.01 (oil palm), respectively. Groups A and B had the highest (p<0.05) final weight and weight gains while groups A, B and C had the highest (p<0.05) forage intake. Feed conversion ratios of groups A and B were better (lower) than others. Forages had no effect on meat colour and texture. Groups B and D meats tasted better than others. Group D meat aroma was better than those fed single forages. Meats from groups C and D were the juiciest while meats from groups A, C and D were the most acceptable. Consideration of final weights, weight gains, feed conversion ratio and taste of meat would require that plantain leaves be used to feed meat rabbits. Keywords: Organoleptic indices, Dry season feeding, Forage

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEAL FOR DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

Treatment of oilseed meals with formaldehyde (FA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the solubility of protein in 0.02 N NaOH and the production of NH3 in the artificial rumen. Ten Holstein and Holstein × Brown Swiss calves of both sexes were fed two test rations containing either 26% untreated or formaldehyde-treated (5.6 g FA per 100 g protein) rapeseed meal (FA-treated RSM) for 14 weeks. Plasma urea nitrogen (N) and rumen NH3 levels were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the FA-treated RSM calves compared with the control calves during the first 8 weeks of the growth trial. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in dry matter consumption, daily gain, or feed efficiency was observed. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (mmoles/100 ml) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in rumen fluid from the control calves compared with those receiving treated RSM. Molar percentages of the VFA’s were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two groups. In the N balance and digestibility trial, dry matter consumption did not differ significantly (P > 0.05); however, the FA-treated RSM resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Calves receiving the treated RSM had reduced (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion; however, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on N consumption and retention.

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