Energy metabolism of oiled muskrats

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
N. Aitchison ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Activities

The heat production of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica), oiled with varying quantities of crude oil, was measured at three ambient temperatures, −5, 5, and 10C on days 0, 1, and 3 after oiling. On day 0, the heat production of muskrats oiled with 1.9 to 42.3 g of oil was from 14 to 119% higher, respectively, than the non-oiled muskrats. Three days after oiling, the metabolic rate of oiled muskrats was about the same as the control values. A similar trend was determined for ambient temperatures of 5 and 10C. Heavy oiling increased the thermal conduction of muskrats by as much as 122%. To compensate for the loss of insulation and increased thermal conductivity of the fur, there was a 2.5-fold increase in dry-matter intake. In view of their dependence on water, both for feeding activities and a place for refuge, it is doubtful if muskrats exposed to moderate quantities of oil could survive under natural conditions.

Effect of ghrelin in dry matter intake and energy metabolism in prepartum sheep: A preliminary study

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1961-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Melendez ◽  
Traci Krueger ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Lokenga Badinga ◽  
John Verstegen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Preliminary Study

Responses of young calves to low ambient temperatures at two levels of feeding

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
A. Arieli ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

AbstractSeven groups of five or six Holstein-Friesian male calves were transported to an experimental farm at 2 to 3 days of age. At 6 days of age, heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake were measured for an 8-day period. During this period, calves were exposed to various ambient temperatures: 6, 9, 12 and 15°C. Ambient temperature was constant within days, but changed between days. Calves were fed below (four groups) or near (three groups) the maintenance requirements (290 or 460 kJ ME per kg M0·75 per day).From 6 to 14 days of age the lower critical temperature (Tc) was 12·5°C and HP increased by 8·4 kJ/kg M0·75 per day per °Cfall in ambient temperature below Tc. Both Tc and increase in HP below Tc were not affected by feeding level. Rectal temperature was lower at low ambient temperatures. The decrease in rectal temperature with ambient temperature was greatest at the low feeding level.During the experimental period, calves were not in a steady-state regarding energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. This decrease was affected by feeding level and ambient temperature. After arrival, the influence of both ambient temperature and feeding level on the energy metabolism of young calves increased with time.

Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Galbraith ◽  
G. W. Mathison ◽  
R.J. Hudson ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
K.-J. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted in which the digestibility of alfalfa pellets and methane and heat productions were measured in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer in February/March 1995 and in April/May 1995. Voluntary dry matter intake (DMI) while animals were individually fed averaged 70, 87 and 68 g kg−0.75 d−1, respectively (P = 0.05), and was generally higher in April/May than in February/March. Corresponding organic digestibilities were 52.9, 54.1 and 49.1% (P = 0.10). There was also a trend (P < 0.1) for fiber digestibilities to be lowest for deer. Methane production (L kg−1 DMI), was 30.1, 23.5, and 15.0 L kg−1 for bison, wapiti and deer, respectively (P = 0.01), with more (P < 0.01) methane being produced in February/March than in April/May (28 vs. 18 L kg−1 DMI). No differences in heat production (kJ kg−0.75) or estimated energy requirements for maintenance could be detected between species, although animals numerically produced 40% more heat (881 vs. 632 kJ kg−0.75, P = 0.13) in April/May when feed intakes were higher than in February/March. It was concluded that DMI of native ungulates is higher in spring than winter and that methane emissions per unit feed consumed were the highest with bison and the least with white-tailed deer. Key words: Bison, deer, wapiti, digestibility, methane, calorimetry

PARTITIONING METABOLIZABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION IN RUMINANTS TO INCLUDE A FACTOR FOR ASSIMILATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND ITS APPLICATION FOR EVALUATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING-FATTENING CATTLE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. GIRARD
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Energy Retention

A mathematical analysis of heat production by growing ruminants was used to assess the physiological importance of assimilation and digestion of dry matter intake. Energy retention (ER) was calculated according to National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) (1984) for 300- and 600-kg cattle fed hay or corn silage with approximately 0, 25, 50 and 75% oat or corn grain. Protein synthesis was calculated for each ER using NAS-NRC (1984) standards for medium- and large-frame bulls, steers and heifers. Fat retention was then estimated by removing the caloric value of protein from ER and dividing the result by the caloric value of fat. Heat production (Y, MJ), obtained as the difference between metabolizable energy (ME) intake and energy retention, was related to the animal's metabolic weight (X1, kg), to the protein (X2, kg) and fat (X3, kg deposited and to the dry matter intake (X4, kg):[Formula: see text]This equation explained 99.9% of the variation of individual heat productions predicted by the California net energy system (NAS-NRC 1984). Heat production per kilogram dry matter intake (3.85 MJ) ranged from 38% at maintenance to 48% above maintenance of the total heat produced, which is similar to values reported in the literature from physiological studies. Metabolizable energy efficiency for fasting, gain of protein and gain of fat was respectively 102, 63 and 64%, whatever feed-stuffs were used. The proposed energy system can be summarized and used as follows: ME requirement = ME for fasting + ME for gain of fat + ME for gain of protein + ME for dry matter intake. In this form, ordinary ME values for feedstuffs are used. Key words: Ruminant, growth, protein fat efficiency, system, intake energy

Energetics of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula Minor: Temperature Regulation, the Calorigenic Effect of Food, and Moulting.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Baudinette ◽  
P Gill ◽  
M O'driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Little Penguin

Rates of oxygen consumption and means of augmenting the resultant heat production were studied in the little penguin, Eudyptula minor. Metabolic rates were lower than those predicted for a 1-kg bird, but shivering and an energy response to feeding were both present. The latter effect was independent of ambient temperatures between 2 deg and 22 deg C. The birds have limited ability to dissipate heat by evaporative water loss. About 40% of the total heat production was the maximum amount lost by this route. Cooling of expired respiratory gas provided an effective saving of heat and water. Moulting resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in metabolic rate but rates of evaporative water loss were reduced. The increase in heat production is correlated with increased thermal conductance across the body surface, as new feathers are synthesized, but body temperature is the same as in non-moulting penguins. The results suggest that increased heat loss when the birds are in water might be replaced by calorigenesis associated with the response to feeding, and by shivering, as well as by activity.

Food and Energy Consumption in Rodents from Different Environments: The Role of Photoperiod in Seasonal Acclimatization

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Haim ◽  
A. Rubal
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Seasonal Acclimatization ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Mediterranean Habitats ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Different Response

In several rodent species, changes in photoperiod are important signals for seasonal acclimatization of thermoregulatory mechanisms. Nocturnal rodents inhabiting extremely hot and arid areas like the Arava (Israeli Rift Valley), may be exposed to very low ambient temperatures, which may be far below their lower critical point. In contrast, nocturnal species from the mesic Mediterranean habitats are not exposed to such dramatic seasonal changes. In the present study, food consumption was measured as apparent digestible dry matter intake (DDMI), while energy was measured as digestible gross energy intake (DGEI), in four rodent species from different habitats. The studied mice were kept under two different photoperiod regimes 16L:8D long photophase, 8L:16D long scotophase at a constant ambient temperature (T =28°C). In Meriones crassus, which inhabits extremely arid habitats, apparent DDMI and DGEI were significantly higher in long scotophase acclimated individuals when compared with long photophase acclimated. However, in the mesic species Apodemus flavicollis these parameters were similar under acclimation to the two different photoperiod regimes. These results suggest that, in seasonal acclimatization, species from different habitats may have a different response to photoperiodic cues.

A study of food intake and production in grazing ewes II. The interrelationships between food intake and productive output

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
Jean W. Ingleton
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Productive Output

1. Observations were made during the autumn and spring of 1959–60, 1960–61, and 1961–62 on pregnant and lactating Clun ewes of mixed ages grazing under natural conditions. The pattern of food intake during pregnancy and lactation, the output achieved in the form of weight of lambs produced at parturition, milk yield, and bodyweight change of the ewes themselves was investigated. The interrelationships between these factors, as influenced by the feeding of supplementary concentrate, either for 7 weeks before or 7 weeks after lambing, or during both periods, was elucidated.2. Daily dry-matter intake was found to be of the order of 1·5–2·0 kg. for this type of ewe, but there was considerable individual variation (coefficient of variation about 20%). Intake did not increase concurrently with the demands of the foetus during the later stages of pregnancy, and even became depressed as parturition approached. Immediately after lambing there was a spectacular increase in intake, which, after rising to a peak, was maintained at a high level during the lactation. Ewes receiving supplementary concentrates showed an increase in food intake over those unsupplemented, but this increase was less than the amount of dry matter fed in the supplement, even on rather bare pasture.3. During the early stages of pregnancy there was no apparent difference in the weight gains of singleand twin-bearing ewes, but during the last 8 weeks prior to lambing twin-bearing ewes made greater weight gains. In relation to weights taken just after parturition ewes producing twins had lost most weight. Unsupplemented ewes lost more weight than those receiving supplements. Lack of supplementation prior to lambing only limited production in the case of twin-bearing ewes.

ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND CASSAVA PEELS CONCENTRATES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Amoka Pius ◽  
Tawose O M
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Cassava Peels

The nutritive value ,voluntary dry matter intake, and the nutrient digestibility of graded levels of Gmelina arborea and cassava peels concentrates in WAD sheep was investigated. Twelve WAD sheep aged 1-2 years old and weighting 14.00± 0.45 kg were used in a complete randomized design. Diets were formulated such that cassava peels was replaced with Gmelina arborea leaf meal at 0, 33.33, 66.67, 100% levels, designated as diets A, B, C, and D respectively. Diet without Gmelina arborea leaf meal was tagged the control diet. The concentrate feed was compounded to contain 16% CP. Diets with 33.33% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) 598.80g day-1, while the lowest DMI 425.00g day-1 was obtained in animals fed 100% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Crude protein intake (CPI) of animals fed diets with 33.33% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea were significantly (P<0.05) highest, followed by 66.67% inclusion level and the least was observed in 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly (P<0.05) different across the dietary treatments, animals placed on diets with 33.33% inclusion level had the highest DMD, followed by animals on diets with 66.67, 100 and 0% inclusion levels. CP digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, the lowest CP digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. CF digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, while the lowest CF digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. N intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of Gmelina arborea inclusion from 33.33% to 100%. N retention was significantly (P<0.05) different, diets with 33.33% Gmelina arborea inclusion had the highest value (64.36g day-1) followed by 66.67%, 100% and the least (52.64g day-1) was at 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea.  N balance values also followed the same trend. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaf meal in WAD rams diet was well tolerated without adverse effect on acceptability, intake and nutrient digestibility, and inclusion level of 33.33% is hereby recommended in ruminants diet for optimum performance and productivity.

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