Effect of dietary energy content at different stages of growth on performance of intact male cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Ilan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Second Period

SUMMARYSix groups of Israeli-Friesian intact male calves were studied over growth periods of 200 to 300 kg, 300 to 400 kg, and 400 to 500 kg live weight. Different ratios (85: 15, 70: 30 and 50: 50) of concentrate to roughage were compared. Two groups received the same ratio (85: 15 or 70: 30) throughout the experiment. In the other groups, the proportion of concentrates was progressively increased or decreased.Live-weight gain in the first period ranged from 759 to 1013 g/day, i n the second period from 1095 to 1239 g/day and in the third period from 831 to 922 g/day. Overall rate of gain was highest in the groups receiving a constant ratio, regardless of the ratio used. Increasing the proportion of concentrates as the calves became heavier, which is common practice in Europe, did not improve performance and decreasing the proportion reduced performance. Only at 200 to 300 and at 400 to 500 kg live weight did a concentrate percentage higher than 50 result in improved performance.Dry-matter intake, relative to live weight, was higher with a ratio of 70: 30 than with one of 85: 15 or of 50: 50 in each period. Animals on a constant ratio of concentrates to roughage gave the most efficient conversion of feed energy to live weight.There were no significant differences in dressing percentage or in carcass composition.

The effects of dietary energy content and level of feeding on the growth of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
H. Neumark ◽  
S. Amir
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYIn an experiment with group-fed cattle from 6 months of age to slaughter at 480 kg live weight two levels of feed intake: 1, ad libitum, 2, 85% of ad libitum amount, were combined with two ratios of concentrate to hay: a, 70: 30; b, 30: 70. In two further treatments, 3a and 3b, the cattle were fed diets a or b at 70% of ad libitum from 6 to 10 months and ad libitum thereafter.Daily gain during the first 124 days of the experiment was (in grams) 1293, 983, 1097, 846, 992 and 756, and from the 125th day to slaughter 735, 600, 796, 579, 830 and 714, for treatments la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b, respectively. The decline in rate of gain from the first period to the second was inversely related to the level of feed intake and to the percentage of concentrates in the ration in the first period.Daily carcass gain was 582, 393, 532, 350, 531 and 368 g for treatments la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b, respectively.The treatments that were switched over from 70% of ad libitum feed intake in the first period to 100% in the second (3a and 3b), exhibited considerable compensatory growth in the second period, but this was not sufficient to be of economic advantage.The overall ME requirement per kg of live-weight gain was inversely related to rate of gain. Of the six treatments, 2a (85% of ad libitum, 70% concentrate) was the most efficient (19·8 Mcal/kg live-weight gain).Animals on the 100% level of feed intake throughout the experiment (treatments la, lb) were significantly fatter than those on the other treatments.

An evaluation of beef carcass quality 1. The influence of cereal feeding on the growth and carcass quality of Friesian steers

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
J. H. D. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Tasting Panel

SUMMARYTwenty-four Friesian steers, initially 5 months of age, were involved in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment which spanned grazing and silage feeding periods of 22 weeks' duration. In the first period, cattle were stocked at a uniformly high density, with half of the group being fed 1·25 kg/head per day of supplementary barley. In the second period, the cattle were subdivided into four groups and fed varying levels of barley with silage. Finally all the animals received 3·65 kg/head per day of barley. Replicates of the four treatments were slaughtered at random after 5 to 11 weeks on this treatment. Whilst supplementary cereal feeding significantly increased the live-weight gains of steers at grass by 11%, this live-weight advantage was offset by their slower gains in the final weeks before slaughter. Feeding cereals to grazing cattle had little effect on carcass composition or the proportions of carcass joints, but their beef was considered, by a tasting panel, to be more tender than the meat from the control steers.Increasing the level of barley fed with silage only increased live-weight gains by 2%, and had little effect on carcass or meat quality.

The responses of growing pigs, of different sex and genotype, to dietary energy and protein

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
M. F. Franklin ◽  
R. McWilliam ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lean Growth

AbstractIntact male pigs from two nucleus breeding herds (one predominantly Duroc, DM; the other purebred Large Wliite, LM) together with intact male (RM), castrated male (RC) and female (RF) commercial hybrid pigs were given one of two diets, with the same balanced protein (180 or 240 g/kg) at three daily rates, the highest being ‘to appetite‘. Six replicates of 30 pigs were allocated to these regimes at 40 kg: one replicate was slaughtered immediately to determine initial carcass composition; the remaining pigs were slaughtered at 85 kg when carcass fat and specific gravity (SG) were measured. For two replicates this was followed by dissection and chemical analysis: daily gains of carcass lipid and protein were estimated directly for these two replicates and predicted from carcass weight and SG for the other three. Fed ‘to appetite’, castrated males and females ate more than males; LM pigs ate least. All males grew faster than females or castrated males, the DM pigs the fastest, these rankings being relatively insensitive to feeding level. However, both in daily weight gain and daily protein accretion only the males responded to additional dietary protein. Daily body protein accretion of DM pigs increased linearly with intake on both diets whereas LM pigs showed little response to the highest level of feeding. At the same daily protein intake all pigs had higher rates of body protein accretion on the low protein diet, showing that they were sensitive to additional dietary energy. Results indicate that an animal's superiority may result from a greater efficiency of protein utilization or a higher lean growth potential but that these two characteristics are not simply related.

The response of lactating sows and their litters to different dietary energy allowances. 2. Weight changes and carcass composition of sows

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. O'Grady ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Lactating Sows

SummaryThe live-weight changes of 48 sows were recorded over three reproductive cycles. All sows were given standard amounts of feed in gestation and one of four energy allowances during lactation. The daily intakes of digestible energy during lactation ranged from 12·2 to 182·2 Meal in the first, 122·9 to 192·6 Meal in the second and 132·2 to 202·2 Meal in the third lactation. Weight change in lactation responded to energy intake; sows on the lowest energy intake lost weight whilst those on the highest intake gained. At weaning of their third litters, sows on the highest energy allowance weighed 44 kg more than those on the lowest level and this was equivalent to a carcass difference of 372·3 kg at slaughter.All the sows were slaughtered after the third litters had been weaned and the carcasses were dissected into lean, subcutaneous fat+skin, and bone. Sows from all treatments had less subcutaneous fat+skin and more muscle and bone than non-pregnant gilts killed at a mean weight of 129 kg, a weight equivalent to that of the experimental animals at their first mating.The reduction in fat reserves was linearly correlated with dietary energy intake of the sows. Sows receiving the lowest energy intake in lactation possessed fat reserves which were estimated to be only 25% as great as in gilts comparable to those used to initiate the experiment. This reduction in body reserves has implications with regard to the long-term effects of feeding lactating sows low intakes of energy during 6-week lactations.

Effect of supplementation and stage of growth on the partitioning of nutrients by Hereford x Friesian steers fed on grass silage based diets

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
N.D. Scollan ◽  
A. Cooper ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa ◽  
M. Wright ◽  
J.M. Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
Feeding Systems

Forage based feeding systems are often disadvantaged compared with those based on high cereal usage in terms of feed intake, live weight gain and efficiency of utilisation of dietary energy and protein. Furthermore, under some situations, particularly with animals fed on grass silage, cattle often have higher fat:protein carcass ratios than those fed other forage-diets. However, other factors such as age, genotype and physiological state may also influence nutrient partitioning. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of diet (based on silage alone or supplemented with additional energy and/or protein) and stage of development on the partitioning of nutrients between fat and lean deposition. Overall effects of diet on animal performance and carcass composition were reported by Scollan et al. (1999).

scholarly journals Effects of Supplementing Crude Glycerin in Concentrated Diet and Castration on Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Thai Native x Anglo Nubian Goats

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Anneke ANNEKE ◽  
Chaiyawan WATTANACHANT ◽  
Saowakon WATTANACHANT
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Randomized Design

The effects of feeding concentrate diet containing crude glycerin supplementation and castration on carcass composition and meat quality of Thai Native x Anglo-Nubian (TN-AN) goats were investigated. Twenty TN-AN goats at the age of 12 months old with 24.75±1.33 kg initial live weight were allotted into a 2x2 factorial arrangement in completely randomized design when factor A was assigned for sexes (intact and castrated male) and factor B was assigned for 2 types of concentrate diet (control diet and diet supplemented with 10 % crude glycerin). Goats were intensively raised in individual pens with ad libitum water and Atratum grass (Paspalum atratum), while 2 % of concentrate diets was provided. After 90 days of feeding, 3 goats from each treatment combination were randomly sampled and sacrificed for further examination. From the study, castrated male goats had significantly higher slaughter and carcass weight, carcass fat percentage and chemical fat percentage than those of the intact males (P < 0.01). In addition, muscle from castrated male goats was more tender and lighter in color as compared with intact male goats (P < 0.01). Goats receiving a diet with extra glycerin had significantly higher weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight, carcass fat, and chemical fat percentages than those on the control diet. Therefore, it could be concluded that feeding goats with a diet of 10 % supplementary glycerin and castration could lead to better slaughter and warm weight, whereas a higher fat content in the carcass and muscle are observed.

The effect of different dietary energy concentrations on the voluntary intake and growth of intensively-fed lambs

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Andrews ◽  
M. Kay ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYIn a comparative slaughter trial which covered growth from about 16 kg to 40 kg live weight, five groups of six Romney × Swaledale lambs were offeredad libitumfive pelleted diets (A to E) in which rolled barley was gradually replaced by an 80 : 20 mixture of rolled oats : oat husks to the extent that the calculated metabolizable energy (ME) concentration fell from approximately 2–9 (A) to 2·5 (E) Mcal/kg DM.Although daily live-weight gains did not differ significantly between treatments, the daily carcass gain fell from 143 g/day on A to 105 g/day on E (P<0·05) whereas gut contents increased from 9·9% of live weight to 16·1% (P< 0·001) from A to E. Differences in efficiency of utilization of ME above maintenance were variable but for gross efficiency (i.e. retention/total ME intake), there was a significant decline from A to E.Dry-matter intakes for the whole experimental period were similar for all five diets, but initially intake was lower for diet E than for A (780v.927 g/day) and ultimately it was higher for E (1410v.1150 g/day). In a second experiment, involving diets A and E and a third diet of chopped dried grass, the pattern of intake and growth changed with live weight in a similar manner to that described above, except that appetite and growth on dried grass were consistently poorer. Daily variation in intake and rumen pH tended to be greater on the concentrate diets.It is suggested that, amongst other factors, the stage of maturity of an animal may influence the point at which the digestible energy content of the diet restricts dietary intake in preference to physical limitations.

The effect of dietary energy content on the voluntary intake of pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
W. J. Ridgman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. An experiment to investigate the effect of dietary energy concentration on the voluntary intake and growth of pigs from 27·2 to 118·0 kg. (60 to 260 lb.) live-weight is described and the results discussed.2. From 27·2 to 50·0 kg. live-weight energy intake was substantially restricted and growth retarded by diets of low energy concentration but from 50·0 to 118·0 kg. there was little difference between diets in either energy intake or growth because daily food intake of the low energy diets was increased.3. Effects of diet on carcass quality as measured by full dissection were small except that killing-out percentage was lower on one of the low energy diets.4. It is concluded that limited differences in the energy concentration and palatability of ingredients are unimportant in formulating pelleted diets for self-fed pigs.

The effect of dietary energy level and protein: energy ratio on nitrogen and energy balance, performance and carcass composition of pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Dietary Treatments

ABSTRACTFour diets were formulated from cereals, animal and vegetable protein supplements and tallow, to contain digestible energy (DE) concentrations of 14·1 or 17·1 MJ/kg and crude protein concentrations of 12·7 or 17·0 g/MJ DE in a 2 X 2 factorial design. In each of two experiments, pigs were weaned and allocated to dietary treatments when 21 days old and were fed twice daily to appetite. In experiment 1, six replicates of four male littermates were used. They were individually fed in metabolism cages and continuous energy and nitrogen (N) balances were made from 28 to 63 days of age. In experiment 2, three male and three female pigs were slaughtered at weaning to determine initial body composition, and three replicates of four littermates of each sex were allocated to the dietary treatments. The latter were fed in treatment groups in flat-deck pens and slaughtered at 63 days of age.In experiment 1, increased energy concentration reduced food intake only slightly and improved liveweight gain and food: gain ratio; higher protein concentration increased gains only at lower energy concentration. Daily N balance improved with increased energy and protein concentration but the response to protein was greater with the low energy diet. Dietary energy was efficiently utilized even with 163 g tallow per kg diet. From 63 days of age until slaughter at 60 kg all pigs were given the same grower diet to appetite. Performance was not affected by previous treatments.In experiment 2, food intakes were higher than in experiment 1 and tended to be reduced to a greater extent with the higher energy concentration; live-weight gains were similar for all treatments and food: gain ratio tended to improve in response to higher energy and protein concentrations. Dietary energy level had no effect on carcass fat content but the higher protein level reduced fat deposition. N retention tended to be lower for the low energy, low protein diet compared with the other three diets. Dietary effects on the amino-acid composition of the carcass were small. Carcass amino-acid ratios at 3 and 9 weeks were similar to published values and there was a tendency for higher amino-acid concentrations (g/16 g N) at 9 weeks than at 3 weeks.

A note on the effects of the ratio of protein to digestible energy and digestible energy concentration in the diet on performance and nitrogen metabolism of piglets weaned at 21 days of age

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport ◽  
H. D. Keal
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Improved Performance

ABSTRACTPiglets were weaned at 21 days of age, and given diets containing 13·5 or 17·0g crude protein per MJ digestible energy and either 14·7 or 16·8 MJ digestible energy per kg in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment until 56 days of age. There was no effect on performance or food intake when the diets were offered ad libitum, but energy intake was increased with the higher concentration of dietary energy. The higher levels of both protein and energy improved performance in a metabolism experiment with food intake restricted to 0·80 ofad libitumintake, and the higher protein level increased nitrogen retention (g/day per kg live weight) and plasma urea nitrogen. These results suggest that the level of food intake can affect the response to changes in dietary energy and protein concentrations, and indicate that conclusions from metabolism experiments using restricted feeding may be inappropriate under other conditions.

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