The effects of concentrate supplements on the performance of dairy cows offered grass silage ad libitum

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Laird ◽  
J. D. Leaver ◽  
F. R. Moisey ◽  
M. E. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTNinety-six lactating British Friesian cows were offered ad libitum two grass silages having the following analyses: 181 and 241 g dry matter per kg fresh weight, 108 and 96g digestible crude protein per kg dry matter and 617 and 619 g digestible organic matter per kg dry matter. In addition, four concentrate supplements were offered, containing either 360 g crude protein per kg on an air-dry basis and given at the rate of 015 kg/kg milk or 180 g crude protein per kg given at the rate of 030, 0375 and 0·45 kg/kg milk. Large and highly significant differences were recorded in silage intake, mil yield, milk composition, live weight and condition score during the winter feeding period. These differences in performance were associated more with differences in energy than in protein intake. During the post-experimental grazing period no significant differences between treatments were recorded in milk yield and composition, with the exception of fat concentration, and by midsummer no significant differences were apparent in live weight. The results of the experiment were appraised in economic terms and implications for commercial practice discussed.

The effect of supplementary protein on the performance of dairy cows offered grass silage ad libitum

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Laird ◽  
A. T. Leggate ◽  
M. E. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Grazing Period

ABSTRACTSixty-four lactating dairy cows (Ayrshire, British Friesian and Shorthorn × Ayrshire) were offered grass silage with a dry-matter content of 258 g/kg, and containing 75 g/kg digestible crude protein and 64·6% digestible organic matter in the dry matter for an average period of 16·7 weeks. The control and supplemented groups, each of 32 cows, received concentrates containing on a fresh basis 14% and 18% crude protein respectively which were offered at the rate of 0·4 kg/kg milk for yields above 2·3 kg/day. The mean daily yields of milk were 17·4 and 19·5 kg/cow, silage dry-matter intake 8·16 and 9·00 kg/cow per day and concentrate dry-matter intake 5·36 and 5·94 kg/cow per day on the control and supplemented treatments respectively and these differences were highly significant. The treatments had no significant effects on milk yield and composition in the post-experimental grazing period.

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 1. Effects of methods of processing dried grass and of including barley in the supplementation of grass silage given ad libitum

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Female Cattle

SUMMARY1. Young adult and adult British Friesian female cattle (heifers and cows) which were lactating were individually fed on diets of grass silage ad libitum with supplements of dried grass, dried grass/barley or barley/groundnut in two randomized block experiments.2. In Experiment I, equal quantities of dry matter (DM) as dried grass in the form of a wafer (W), cob (C) or pellet (P) were given with the silage during weeks 8 to 18 of lactation, to three groups of 12 heifers. Silage DM intakes were respectively 14·2, 14·3 and 15·8 ± 0·43 g/kg live weight per day (P<0·05). Milk yields were 14·0, 15·6, 16·7 ± 0·35 kg/day (P< 0·001). Milk composition and live-weight change did not differ significantly.3. In Experiment II, five treatment groups of heifers and cows were offered silage with equal amounts of a supplement of either dried grass pellets (treatment 1) or dried grass/barley in the ratios of 2: 1 (treatment 2), 1: 2 (treatment 3), or a barley/groundnut supplement (treatment 4). In treatment 5 the cattle received the same supplement as in treatment 4, but at a 10% higher level. Silage DM intakes for treatments 1 to 5 during lactation weeks 6 to 22 were 8·64, 8·94, 7·96, 6·96, 7·63 kg/day (1, 2>4, P<0·01; 2>5, P<0·05). The intake of digestible organic matter, milk yields and live-weight changes over the whole experimental period were not influenced significantly by treatments 1 to 4, but in treatment 5 the milk was significantly higher in fat, protein and energy content than in treatments 1 to 4. Blood composition was normal and did not differ markedly between treatments.

Mature body composition of the Gallego sheep breed of Galicia (north-west Spain)

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
M. R. Cropper ◽  
N. Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
North West ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Mature Size

Taylor (1980) indicated the importance of mature size in the description of animals and its usefulness for standardising growth parameters. The mature size and body composition of the Gallego breed, a small meat-producing type first described by Mason (1967), have never been estimated under defined management conditions. Therefore, using the scaling rules and results of Thonney, Taylor, Murray and McClelland (1987) as a guide, a study was made to determine whether the reputation of Gallego lambs for producing lean carcases was borne out in the composition of mature animals.Twenty-one ewes (mean liveweight, LW, 32.7, sd 5.4 kg) and eight rams (LW 47.6, sd 8.6 kg) were selected as cast animals on the basis of age ( >4 years), body condition score (BCS, >1.75), health and teeth status and group-fed on concentrate (180 g crude protein/ kg dry-matter) and hay ad libitum. LW was measured fortnightly. When all animals had a LW and BCS which were stable for 2 months, 3 subgroups were slaughtered monthly. Weights of wool, body organs and hot carcase (HC) were recorded. Dissection of the cold carcase (CC) into commercial joints (Cabrero Poveda, 1984) and total lean, bone and fat.

Maize gluten and rapeseed meal as protein supplements to barley or wheat for intensively finished Charolais-cross bulls

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Weight Gain Percentage

AbstractFour diets, barley/proprietary protein concentrate (B/PC), barley/maize gluten (B/MG), barley/rapeseed meal (B/RSM) and wheat/'rapeseed meal (W/RSM) were formulated to contain 165 g crude protein and 13·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. In experiment 1, all four diets were offered ad libitum to Charolais × Friesian bulls from 187 kg live weight to slaughter at about 488 kg live weight. In experiment 2, the B/PC and B/RSM were offered ad libitum to Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) bulls from 222 kg live weight to slaughter at about 491 kg live weight. There were no significant differences between treatments in daily live-weight gain, percentage fat and lean in the live animal, slaughter weight or days on experiment in either experiment. In experiment 1, the carcasses from bulls given B/PC were 14 kg heavier than carcasses from bulls given W/RSM (P<0·05), but only 10 and 7 kg heavier than from bulls given B/MG and B/RSM respectively (P<0·05). The killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC was significantly greater (P<0·05) than bulls given B/RSM. In experiment 2, carcass weights were similar but the killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC were again greater (P < 0·001). It is concluded that B/MG and B/RSM were as effective as B/PC as finishing diets and that wheat can be successfully substituted for barley, when offered with rapeseed meal.

723. The effect of level of concentrate feeding and type of roughage on milk production

1958 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
D. S. Maclusky ◽  
R. Waite ◽  
J. N. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

1. In a short-term winter feeding trial using eight Ayrshire cows, a concentrate with a nominal starch equivalent of 68 was fed at 2 lb. and 4 lb./gal. of milk with either 16 lb. hay or 16 lb. dried grass. Silage (40 lb. per day) was also fed.2. The weight of dry matter from grass products eaten per day was similar on all four treatments. Differences in total daily dry-matter consumption were very largely attributable to differences in the consumption of concentrate dry matter.3. The daily dry-matter consumption as a percentage of live weight increased from 2·5 on the rations that included hay and 2 lb. concentrates per gal. to 3·2 on the rations that included dried grass and 4 lb. concentrates per gal.4. Milk yield was significantly increased from an average of 33·5 to 37·3 lb./day when the amount of concentrates fed increased from 2 to 4 lb./gal. and also significantly increased from 33·9 to 36·9 lb./day when dried grass was fed in place of hay.5. There was an increase of 0·9 lb. milk for each 1 lb. increase of starch equivalent plus 0·2 lb. digestible crude protein intake as a result of either increasing the rate of concentrate feeding, or of feeding dried grass instead of hay.6. The fat content of the milk was similar on all four rations, whereas the solids-not-fat varied from 8·42% on the ration that included hay +2 lb. concentrates/gal, to 8·59% on the ration that included dried grass +4 1b. concentrates/gal. This change in S.N.F. was almost entirely in the protein fraction of the milk.7. There was a gradation in live-weight change from -0·74 lb./day on the hay +2 lb. concentrates/gal, to +0·34 lb./day on the dried grass +4 lb. concentrates/gal.8. After a consideration of profit margins, milk quality and live-weight changes it was concluded that both treatments B (dried grass +2 lb./gal.) and C (hay +4 lb./gal.) gave optimum and almost identical results.

Influence of clipping regime and silage quality on the performance of pregnant and lactating ewes

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
Heather J Black ◽  
D H B Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

Winter clipping of breeding ewes has given variable increases in lamb birth weight associated mainly with increased ewe voluntary food intake (Rutter, Laird and Broadbent, 1972; Vipond, King, Inglis and Hunter, 1987). The requirement for energy is greatest during the last six weeks of pregnancy but increasing uterine occupation of rumen volume may limit the ewe's ability to increase intake after clipping in late pregnancy. The additional influence of forage quality on intake after clipping is not clear. The present experiment was designed to study the independent and interacting effects of clipping regime and silage quality on lambing performance.Sixty Greyface ewes of uniform age were individually penned 14 weeks before lambing. Precision chop silage offered ad libitum was either early cut [188.3 g dry matter (DM)/kg, 155.7 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM, 740 g digestible organic matter (DOM)/kg DM] or late cut (184.5 g DM/kg, 100.9 g CP/kg DM, 689 g DOM/kg DM). For all treatments concentrate feeding was introduced 7 weeks before lambing, on an increasing scale to provide a total of 21 kg/ewe. Silage type was factorially arranged with 6 clipping regimes.

Beef production from silage 3. The effect of supplements of hay and dried grass on the performance of beef cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
R. M. Tetlow ◽  
B. G. Gibbs ◽  
Margaret Gill
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth of perennial ryegrass was cut between 7 and 9 June and ensiled with formic acid at 2·5 1/t. The regrowth was cut on 24 July; part was dried at high temperature (dried grass), the remainder was left to dry in the field (hay). The dried grass (DG) and part of the hay were ground and pelleted, the hay being pelleted alone (PH) or with the addition of formaldehyde at 20 g/kg crude protein (PHF). The remainder of the hay was offered in the chopped form (CH). The four supplements (CH, PH, PHF, DG) were offered at two levels, 6·5 (L) and 130 (H) g dry matter per kg live weight to 54 British Friesian steers (initial live weight, 110 kg) receiving the silage ad libitum.2. The silage had a high pH and a high proportion of the total nitrogen was in the form of ammonia, indicating poor fermentation. The solubility of nitrogen in the supplements was highest (262 g/kg total nitrogen) in CH, progressively less in PH and PHF and lowest (122 g/kg total nitrogen) in DG.3. Total dry-matter intake was highest with DG at the higher level of inclusion. Dry-matter intake was significantly higher for PH and PHF than for CH (P < 0·001). However, intake of digestible energy did not differ between hays. Live-weight gain was increased from a low level of 0·24 kg/day (silage alone) by all supplements, but this effect was greater with DG than with the hays (P < 0·001). Level of supplementation increased live-weight gain from 0·54 to 0·74 kg/day.4. Supplements of dried grass gave higher live-weight gains than did hay made from the same sward. However, the results indicate that supplementation of badly preserved silage with grass hay of good quality can produce acceptable levels of performance of up to 0·70 kg/day in 4-month-old steers. Processing of the hay had little effect on animal performance.

The nutritive value of wheat and oat silages ensiled on three cutting dates

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
D. T. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Monitoring Period ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYThe production of biomass and its partitioning into stem, leaf, ear and dead material were monitored weekly in crops of wheat and oats from 16 May 1990, which corresponded approximately to ear emergence in the wheat, until ensilage on 29 June, 7 July and 19 July 1990 using the Ag-Bag system. An enzyme/inoculant additive was used on both crops on each ensilage date, although a portion of oats was ensiled without additive on the first two cutting dates, giving a total of eight silages. Changes in rumen degradability of dry matter were assessed for both crops throughout the monitoring period using the synthetic fibre bag technique. The digestibilities of gross energy, modified acid detergent fibre, organic matter and crude protein were determined in vivo using sheep.Over the total period of monitoring, the daily rates of increase in dry matter (DM) yield were 15·1 (± 1·6) and 16·5 (±1·9) g DM/m2 for wheat and oats respectively. From 29 June to 19 July the rates of increase were 11·3 (± 3·1) and 23·1 (±6·0) g DM/m2. The increase in weight of the ears accounted for almost all of this increase and, by the end of the monitoring period, the ears contributed approximately half of the dry matter of each crop. In both crops the portion of dead material was small until 19 July, when there was a rapid increase in the amount of dead stem. The DM content of both crops remained < 30% up to day 33 (18 June) but increased from c. 33% to c. 52% between days 53 and 65 (8–20 July). Rumen degradability of both crops decreased rapidly from c. 66% on 16 May until 16 June, when it was c. 56% for wheat and 55% for oats; it remained constant at these values thereafter.For silages made on the three successive ensilage dates, there was an increase in DM and starch contents but decreases in digestible energy, digestible fibre and digestible crude protein contents. Digestible organic matter was similar for the first two ensilage dates but lower in silage made on the third date.The use of an additive with the oat crop resulted in decreases in the digestible energy, digestible organic matter and digestible crude protein contents of the silages compared with untreated oats.Maximum yield of DM from wheat (18·6 t/ha) was obtained with the third cutting date, but optimum yield of energy (170 GJ/ha) and digestible crude protein (746 kg/ha) were found at the second cutting date. For oats, maximum yield of DM (17·3 t/ha) was again found with the third cut and maximum yield of energy (159 GJ/ha, untreated; 140 GJ/ha with additive) with the second cut. Digestible crude protein yield was greatest with the second cut of oats when no additive was used (708 kg/ha) but with additive it was greatest with the first cut (661 kg/ha).It was concluded that, under these conditions, the optimum date for ensilage of wheat or oats was 7 July and that the use of the additive was detrimental to the quality of the oat silage.

Energy and protein content and intake by stall-fed lambs of pure and mixed swards of Centrosema pubescens Benth., Pueraria phaseoloides Benth. and Brachiaria mutica Stapf. under a mango plantation

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
F. H. K. Asiedu ◽  
S. K. Karikari
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Pueraria Phaseoloides ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Brachiaria Mutica

SummaryPure and mixed swards of Centrosema pubescens (centro), Pueraria phaseoloides (puero) and Brachiaria mutica (para grass) established under a 12-year-old mango plantation were sampled at 6-week intervals for 2 years to determine crude-protein (CP) content, dry-matter (D.M.) and CP yields and apparent digestible energy and apparent digestible crude-protein (DCP) contents. Daily dry-matter intake (DMI) and apparent digestible energy and digestible crude-protein intakes (DEI and DCPI), as well as live-weight gain (LWG) by 11·5 kg penned West African cross-bred weaner lambs, were also determined.The pure legumes were better than the mixed swards in respect of CP (mean: 22·1, 18·8, 14·4 and 13·8% for centro, puero, centro-para grass and puero-para grass respectively) and DCP (mean: 16·2, 13·4, 10·4 and 10·0% respectively) contents, and daily DMI (mean: 50·8, 49·7, 41·8 and 41·3 g/kg W0·75 respectively), DEI (mean: 562, 531, 418 and 410 kj/kg W075 respectively) and DCPI (mean: 8·09, 6·55, 4·04 and 3·94 g/kg W0·75 respectively). On the other hand the legume-grass mixed swards, especially puero-para grass, were superior to the corresponding pure-legume swards with regard to D.M. yield (mean: 11·90, 7·69, 7·13 and 4·54 t/hafor puero-para grass, centro-para grass, puero and centro respectively) and CP yield(mean: 1·62,1·09, 1·32 and 0·99 t/ha respectively). The pure-legume stands gave the highest LWG per lamb (mean: 45·7, 3·89, 2·63 and 25·3 g/day for centro, puero, centro–para grass and puero-para grass respectively) but it was estimated that the legume-grass mixed swards would give higher returns in terms of lamb LWG on forages harvested per unit sward area than the corresponding pure-legume cover.It was concluded that legume-grass covers would be preferred to all-legume covers if livestock were to be integrated into tree crop farming systems. However, the choice of companion grass would have to be given proper consideration as shade-intolerant grass species, such as para grass, would detract from profit maximization.

Studies on goat nutrition Part II. Digestible protein requirements for maintenance from balance studies

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Endogenous Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. The crude protein requirement of goats for maintenance has been determined from balance studies. The requirement per kg., as found by three different methods of treatments of the balance data, is practically the same, viz. 2·63 g. crude protein.2. The digestible crude protein requirement also has been calculated, again by two different methods, and is estimated at 1·12 lb./1000 lb. body weight. This value is undoubtedly very much higher than the value (0·65 lb./1000 lb.) obtained previously from the endogenous urinary nitrogen determinations alone.3. The dry-matter requirement of goat per 100 lb. live weight has been determined. Calculated on the basis of live weight raised to the power 0·734, the requirement was found to be 2·6 lb./100 lb.

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