Canterbury Excavations, 1944–8

Antiquity ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 23 (91) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheppard Frere
Keyword(s):  
Deep Foundations ◽  
Main Street ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Open Site ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

On 1 June 1942, occurred the German air-raid which destroyed about one-fifth of the old part of the City of Canterbury. It was soon realized that a unique opportunity existed of discovering something of the archaeological past of the city before rebuilding again concealed the wide areas now exposed.It was not only an opportunity but a duty ; for modern rebuilding, with its deep foundations, would be bound to destroy a very large part of whatever evidence had survived until the present. The Canterbury Excavations Committee was accordingly formed by the initiative of the local Archaeological Society, and excavations under a supervisor lent by the Ministry of Works began in August 1944, and have continued three times a year up to the present.Canterbury is one of the few Romano-British towns where there are good grounds for supposing a continuity of occupation through the Dark Ages. Thus though there was little to hint at any pre-Roman occupation, from the Roman, Saxon, and Medieval periods much was to be expected. Yet such a prediction has not turned out wholly true. On the one hand evidence for a pre-Roman Belgic settlement is accumulating ; but little of Saxon date has been found, and the circumstances of the excavations have limited the extent of the medieval discoveries.The town could not be investigated purely as an archaeological problem, digging on sites which seemed promising and following out the plan as on an open site like Silchester or Verulam. There was a double call. Rebuilding was ever imminent, and the first sites to be rebuilt were likely to be along the main street-frontages. Attention was necessarily devoted first to them.

Evaluation of Road Utilisation as Space For Holding Social Ceremonies in Indigenous Residential Area of Ogbomoso, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (March 2018) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A Okanlawon ◽  
O.O Odunjo ◽  
S.A Olaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

This study examined Residents’ evaluation of turning transport infrastructure (road) to spaces for holding social ceremonies in the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Upon stratifying the city into the three identifiable zones, the core, otherwise known as the indigenous residential zone was isolated for study. Of the twenty (20) political wards in the two local government areas of the town, fifteen (15) wards that were located in the indigenous zone constituted the study area. Respondents were selected along one out of every three (33.3%) of the Trunk — C (local) roads being the one mostly used for the purpose in the study area. The respondents were the residents, commercial motorists, commercial motorcyclists, and celebrants. Six hundred and forty-two (642) copies of questionnaire were administered and harvested on the spot. The Mean Analysis generated from the respondents’ rating of twelve perceived hazards listed in the questionnaire were then used to determine respondents’ most highly rated perceived consequences of the practice. These were noisy environment, Blockage of drainage by waste, and Endangering the life of the sick on the way to hospital; the most highly rated reasons why the practice came into being; and level of acceptability of the practice which was found to be very unacceptable in the study area. Policy makers should therefore focus their attention on strict enforcement of the law prohibiting the practice in order to ensure more cordial relationship among the citizenry, seeing citizens’ unacceptability of the practice in the study area.

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality of Attiéké (Steamed Cassava Semolina) Sold in Côte d’Ivoire

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
KPATA-KONAN Nazo Edith ◽  
YAO N’Zué Benjamin ◽  
COULIBALY Kalpy Julien ◽  
KONATÉ Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
And Storage ◽  
The Town ◽  
Microbiological Analyses

This article looked at the quantity and storage time of attiéké produced and sold in the town of Daloa. It also examines the microbiological characteristics of attiéké-femme and attiéké-garba from this locality during storage. The study was carried out on the one hand through a field survey carried out on the producers and sellers. On the other hand, a sample was taken from 10 sellers of attiéké-garba and 10 sellers of attiéké-woman. The study found that the women producers sell 87% of their production in the city of Daloa and export 13%. In addition, attiéké can be kept for 2 days at the producers and beyond 2 days at the sellers before their stock runs out. Therefore, a weekly production of more than 200 kg for the majority of the producers is observed. Microbiological analyses showed high levels of germs (MAG: 6.106 CFU/g; Yeasts and moulds: 2.7.106 CFU/g) for attiéké-women and (2.106 CFU/g of GAM and 1.6.103 CFU/g of Yeasts and moulds) for attiéké-garba. Total coliforms and faecal coliforms were only found in attiéké-women. No salmonella was observed. In view of the results, it should be noted that female attiéké is the most contaminated type of attiéké.

scholarly journals LVIV ACCOUNT BOOK AS A SOURSE FOR THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION OF THE TOWN IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 15TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Yelyzaveta Piankova
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Average Quantity ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The article is devoted to one of the elder town’s income-expenditure book which is considered as a source for the social stratification of the city of Lviv from 1404 to 1414. The main problems which are stated from the analysis of the book’s registries (registrum) connected to the citizen’s status and their occupation. It is also revealed the peculiarities of the connections between the city authorities and inhabitants. The account registries of the book exposed the average quantity of the dwellers who were obliged to pay a different kind of taxes, especially a szos which was levied from the citizens who had the property. Additionally, it showed that the registrum of the book could also be interpreted not only as an economic constituent of Lviv in the 15th century but also as a source for the depiction of the various spheres of citizen lives. For instance, the taxes registers provided a broad range of communities which were engaged in merchantry, craftsmanship, renovation work, and light manufacturing. We could find in the sources their titles, names, and sort of occupation. Notably, most of the citizens who were involved in a different kind of work received from the town’s government encouragement in the form of monetary payments and another benefit. The texts of the registries at the book have also shown capitulary of the middle ages Lviv streets. According to this, my presumption was stated to account how many dwellers had lived at the one the street and even if they did how it is calculated due to the average amount of Lviv’s citizens. Forasmuch as the Polish historian Stanislaw Kutrzeba idea was stated that at the beginning of the 15th century it was at least 2481 citizens of Lviv. Key words: Lviv, accounts book, szos taxes, citizens, properties.

Datcha—Stadia—Halikarnassos

1912 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
F. W. Hasluck
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The opinion of Captain T. A. B. Spratt that the ruins at Datcha represent the Dorian city of Akanthos has naturally been adopted by subsequent cartographers as being that of the one man who has thoroughly explored the Knidian peninsula. The identification rests, like so many others, on slight evidence owing to the meagreness of ancient records concerning the city in question: added local knowledge makes another identification seem preferable.The inhabitants of Syme, on the authority of M. Chaviaras, himself a Symiote, to this day refer to the site as Stadia (Σταδία), of which Datcha is in reality only a dialectic variant with the Σ elided, as so often, by false analogy. The existence of a town called Stadia on this coast can be traced from Pliny downwards. The latter places a town variously called Pegusa or Stadia near Knidos—Est in promontorio Cnidus libera, Triopia, dein Pegusa et Stadia appellata: the name Pegusa is readily explained by the springs in the plain of Datcha, and the comparative obscurity of the town by the fact that it was in ancient times subordinate to Knidos.

Urban history in France: achievements, tendencies and objectives

Urban History ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Roche
Keyword(s):  
Urban History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

In the last ten years, a significant development in the study of urban history has allowed French historians to begin to consider some of the problems which have preoccupied their foreign colleagues, notably in Britain and the United States, for some time. The attraction of the town for the French historian is due, clearly enough, to two main factors. On the one hand, the town's growing dominance over the location of employment and population is bound to attract attention—in 1980 80 per cent of the population of France live in towns, exactly reversing the distribution of 200 years ago. On the other hand, this same distension of the town demands historical attention. It places the town at the centre of a very long-term development in which the urban criterion becomes increasingly dominant, defining a particularly appropriate field for the measurement of the linking mechanisms which regulate relationships between the different levels of social reality. Urbanity, in short, brings together the whole gamut of questions posed by the development of our system of civilization over the centuries. To reconstruct its history is to indulge in nostalgia for a past which appears all the richer in comparison with the drabness of our own day. It is also to dream of a city of the future, capable of reconciling community and social control, nature and culture. In France the history of towns is inseparable from a long process of examination which began with the humanist enthusiasm for the city, continued through the speculations of the Enlightenment and the tentative researches of nineteenth-century local anti-quarians, and has recently been supplemented by the more precise discoveries of the urban historian.

Archimedes and the Design of Euryalus Fort

1946 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Strong Line ◽  
The West ◽  
Populated Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Engineer ◽  
Scientific Adviser ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The argument of this paper is that the fort on the Euryalus at Syracuse was modernised by Archimedes, who is recorded to have been the chief military engineer or scientific adviser to his native city before and during the siege by the Romans.The fort lay outside the populated area of Syracuse though within the walls. The town had originally been confined to an island between the two harbours, but soon extended on to the mainland of Sicily; the ground to the west was swampy, hence the suburbs necessarily spread up the Epipolae hill to the north. This hill forms a tilted plateau, 3½ miles long, which slopes towards the island, but is surrounded elsewhere by a cliff, except at the inland extremity where it joins on to higher country. Since the cliff afforded a strong line of defence, the town walls were eventually carried all round the edge of the plateau, making them 17 miles in circuit. This great extension was the work of the tyrant Dionysius I, in the year 402 and later; the need for it had been demonstrated twelve years earlier, when the Athenians captured the plateau and almost starved the town into surrender. The strongest part of the fortifications was necessarily at the inland extremity of the plateau, the one place where nature provided no obstacles. Here the highest ground runs off to the west in a ridge that rises into two gentle mounds, one of which was called Euryalus, meaning the ‘wide nail’ (or wart). The town-walls included only one of these summits, and upon it stands the fort in question, overlooking one of the main gateways of the city.

scholarly journals An Online Reputation Analysis of the Tourism Industry in Marbella: A Preliminary Study on Open Innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
María Jesús Carrasco-Santos ◽  
Antonio Manuel Ciruela-Lorenzo ◽  
Juan Gabriel Méndez Pavón ◽  
Carmen Cristófol Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Specific Advice ◽  
Sociodemographic Profile ◽  
The One ◽  
Online Reputation ◽  
The City

This research analyzed the online reputation of Marbella as a tourist destination and the profiles of the reviewers according to sociodemographic characteristics. A correlational, quantitative research technique was used in this study based on the manual extraction of more than 4000 reviews generated on TripAdvisor. The data used in this study were collected from the TripAdvisor website, taking, as a sample, tourists who had visited the city in the last three years. Ratings that did not provide full data on the variables were excluded. The findings show that Marbella is considered a luxury shopping destination. The preliminary conclusions allow us to generalize about the sociodemographic profile of its tourists. The findings of the study will provide valuable information for Marbella’s Destination Management Organization (DMO). On the one hand, this study highlights the importance of ranking the attractions of the city to create better communication strategies and enhance the appeal of those attractions that receive the best ratings, establishing the true vocation of Marbella as a tourist destination. On the other hand, it provides information on what tourists perceive to be negative elements, allowing the administration to create an improvement plan. The novelty of this research paper is that it delves into Marbella’s online reputation through an analysis of specific attractions’ ratings. Areas that require further attention in future research have been highlighted, along with specific advice on each attraction that contributes to the tourist offerings of the city.

scholarly journals Scenario Analyses of Exhaust Emissions Reduction through the Introduction of Electric Vehicles into the City

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 2030
Author(s):  
Marianna Jacyna ◽  
Renata Żochowska ◽  
Aleksander Sobota ◽  
Mariusz Wasiak
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Scenario Analyses ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

In recent years, policymakers of urban agglomerations in various regions of the world have been striving to reduce environmental pollution from harmful exhaust and noise emissions. Restrictions on conventional vehicles entering the inner city are being introduced and the introduction of low-emission measures, including electric ones, is being promoted. This paper presents a method for scenario analysis applied to study the reduction of exhaust emissions by introducing electric vehicles in a selected city. The original scenario analyses relating to real problems faced by contemporary metropolitan areas are based on the VISUM tool (PTV Headquarters for Europe: PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany). For the case study, the transport model of the city of Bielsko-Biala (Poland) was used to conduct experiments with different forms of participation of electric vehicles on the one hand and traffic restrictions for high emission vehicles on the other hand. Scenario analyses were conducted for various constraint options including inbound, outbound, and through traffic. Travel time for specific transport relations and the volume of harmful emissions were used as criteria for evaluating scenarios of limited accessibility to city zones for selected types of vehicles. The comparative analyses carried out showed that the introduction of electric vehicles in the inner city resulted in a significant reduction in the emission of harmful exhaust compounds and, consequently, in an increase in the area of clean air in the city. The case study and its results provide some valuable insights and may guide decision-makers in their actions to introduce both driving ban restrictions for high-emission vehicles and incentives for the use of electric vehicles for city residents.

The Church, the City, and Modernity

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Florian Mazel
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political History ◽  
The State ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Institutional Church ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Church ◽  
Political Figure

Dominique Iogna-Prat’s latest book, Cité de Dieu, cité des hommes. L’Église et l’architecture de la société, 1200–1500, follows on both intellectually and chronologically from La Maison Dieu. Une histoire monumentale de l’Église au Moyen Âge (v. 800–v. 1200). It presents an essay on the emergence of the town as a symbolic and political figure of society (the “city of man”) between 1200 and 1700, and on the effects of this development on the Church, which had held this function before 1200. This feeds into an ambitious reflection on the origins of modernity, seeking to move beyond the impasse of political philosophy—too quick to ignore the medieval centuries and the Scholastic moment—and to relativize the effacement of the institutional Church from the Renaissance on. In so doing, it rejects the binary opposition between the Church and the state, proposes a new periodization of the “transition to modernity,” and underlines the importance of spatial issues (mainly in terms of representation). This last element inscribes the book in the current of French historiography that for more than a decade has sought to reintroduce the question of space at the heart of social and political history. Iogna-Prat’s stimulating demonstration nevertheless raises some questions, notably relating to the effects of the Protestant Reformation, the increasing power of states, and the process of “secularization.” Above all, it raises the issue of how a logic of the polarization of space was articulated with one of territorialization in the practices of government and the structuring of society—two logics that were promoted by the ecclesial institution even before states themselves.

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