scholarly journals The nutrition transition in Barbados: trends in macronutrient supply from 1961 to 2003

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1222-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sheehy ◽  
S. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Limit Set ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Per Capita

Barbados has been experiencing increasing rates of obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases characteristic of a country in nutrition transition. However, few studies have been carried out on how precisely the diet has changed in recent decades. Our aim was to analyse the FAO food balance sheets for Barbados from 1961 to 2003 in order to characterise the changes that have taken place in the macronutrient supply of the country during that period. Annual food balance sheets were downloaded from the FAOSTAT database, and per capita supply for twelve commodity groupings was analysed for energy and macronutrient levels using WISP dietary analysis software (Tinuviel Software, Llanfechell, Anglesey, UK). The food supply in 2003 provided over 2500 kJ (about 600 kcal) more energy per capita per d than it did in 1961. Energy from carbohydrate as a percentage of total energy has fallen from 70 % in 1961 to 57 % in 2003 and is now at the lower end of WHO recommendations. Energy from fat as a percentage of total energy increased from 19 % to 28 % and now lies at the upper end of WHO recommendations. Sugars, at over 17 % of dietary energy, are well above the upper limit set by the WHO. Despite having methodological limitations associated with the use of food balance statistics, our data suggest that these imbalances need to be addressed as a matter of priority in order to try to reverse the incidence of nutrition-related chronic diseases that are projected to cause increasing disability and premature death in the country in the coming years.

scholarly journals Trends in energy and nutrient supply in Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 2007 using FAO food balance sheets

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1693-1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Sheehy ◽  
Sangita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Food Commodity

AbstractObjectiveTrinidad and Tobago has experienced an epidemiological transition over recent decades characterised by reduced rates of communicable diseases but rapidly increasing rates of obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in energy and nutrient supply that have taken place in Trinidad and Tobago between 1961 and 2007.DesignFood balance sheets for each year between 1961 and 2007 were downloaded from the FAOSTAT database and daily per capita supply for seventeen food commodity groupings was calculated. After appropriate coding, energy and nutrient supply were determined using dietary analysis software.SettingFAO food balance sheets for Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 2007.SubjectsNone.ResultsThe food supply in 2007 provided an extra 1561 kJ (373 kcal)/capita per d than it did in 1961. Energy from carbohydrate as a percentage of total energy fell from 62 % in 1961 to 57 % in 2007, whereas energy from fat as a percentage of total energy increased from 26 % to over 30 % and now lies at the upper end of WHO recommendations. Sugars increased from 20 % to over 26 % of total energy and are well above WHO recommendations. When expressed on a nutrient density basis, supplies of vitamin A, folate and Ca are lower than WHO recommendations.ConclusionsNutritional imbalances in the Trinidadian food supply need to be addressed to combat the rise in nutrition-related chronic disease that is projected to cause increased disability and premature death in the country in the coming years.

scholarly journals The nutrition transition in the Republic of Ireland: trends in energy and nutrient supply from 1961 to 2007 using Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 1078-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Sheehy ◽  
Sangita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
The Republic

Over the course of the last 50 years the Republic of Ireland has gone from being one of the poorest countries in Europe to one of the richest; however, it is now experiencing increasing rates of obesity and non-communicable chronic disease. Although several national nutrition surveys have been carried out in Ireland since 1990, there is little information on the Irish diet before then. We analysed the FAO food balance sheets for Ireland from 1961 to 2007 in order to characterise the changes in energy and nutrient supply that took place during that period. Food balance sheets were downloaded from the FAOSTAT database and per capita supply of commodities was analysed using dietary analysis software. Energy from carbohydrate as a percentage of total energy fell from 55 % in 1961 to 46 % in 2007, whereas energy from fat increased from 29 % to 34 %; these values are well outside WHO recommendations for the prevention of chronic disease. Energy from alcohol as a percentage of total energy has doubled within the last 20 years. On a nutrient-density basis, vitamins and minerals met or exceeded WHO recommendations, apart from vitamin D, folate, Ca and Fe. Although there are methodological limitations associated with the use of food balance sheets, the present results demonstrate that the current imbalances in the Irish diet were already evident several decades ago. Because they are so long established, they will be difficult to reverse unless major public health nutrition interventions are implemented.

Is the world converging to a ‘Western diet’?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Azzeddine Azzam
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Objective: To test the nutrition transition hypothesis of global dietary convergence to a ‘Western diet’. Design: Consumer-waste-adjusted FAO Food Balance Sheets are used to construct for each country a Western Diet Similarity Index (WSI), expressed as a ratio of calories from animal-sourced foods, oils, fats and sweeteners to total per capita calories. β-Convergence and associated speed are estimated by growth regressions using 1992–2013 panel data. Speed of convergence, a non-linear function of income per capita, globalisation and urbanisation, determines the steady-state or long-term global WSI. The long-term global WSI is compared with the WSI of the group of countries with the highest population-weighted average WSI. The group, determined by K-means cluster analysis, consists of sixteen Western countries. Setting: Worldwide. Participants: Not applicable. Results: Strong evidence of global dietary convergence at a speed driven by income per capita, globalisation and urbanisation with a long-term WSI of 38 %. When compared with the WSI of Western countries (68 %), the hypothesis of global dietary convergence to a Western diet is rejected. Conclusions: The nutrition transition is acting in two opposing directions. Some countries experienced positive and others negative WSI growth, slowing down the transition to a Western diet in the long run. Policies to further slowdown the transition by some countries to unhealthier dietary patterns are as important as policies to further speed up the transition by other countries to healthier ones.

scholarly journals Less than half of the European dietary recommendations for fish consumption are satisfied by national seafood supplies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Lofstedt ◽  
Baukje de Roos ◽  
Paul G. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Fish Consumption ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
National Level ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Purpose To review the seafood dietary recommendations of European countries and compare them to national seafood supplies. Methods Current seafood dietary recommendations were collated from national health authorities across Europe. Food balance sheets were downloaded from the FAO, and appropriate conversion factors were applied to each seafood commodity. Average net per capita seafood supplies from 2007 to 2017 were derived from data on imports and production for food from both capture fisheries and aquaculture, accounting for exports. Results Both national dietary recommendations and seafood supplies varied considerably throughout Europe. At a national level, on a per capita basis, only 13 out of the 31 of European dietary recommendations for fish consumption were satisfied by national seafood supplies. Most of the countries with coastal access, as well as those with traditional fish-eating cultures, such as France and countries in Northern Europe, had adequate seafood supplies to meet their recommendations. The landlocked countries of Central and Eastern Europe did not have enough seafood supplies to satisfy their recommendations. Conclusions Our findings emphasise the need to not only consider consumer health outcomes when developing and advocating dietary recommendations, but also the sustainability of food production systems. As many foods are not necessarily locally sourced but traded as part of global production and distribution systems, it is important to consider greater consistency between national dietary recommendations to facilitate more sustainable marine food systems.

Estimation of the amount of dietary starch available to different populations

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bright-See ◽  
Vartouhi Jazmaji
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Real Change ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Dietary Starch ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Total Starch

The daily per capita availability of dietary starch was estimated for 38 selected countries using food disappearance data from the FAO provisional food balance sheets (1972–1974 average); starch availability was also estimated for Canada from 1960 to 1987 using Agriculture Canada disappearance data. Total starch availability varies fourfold among the different countries; the availability of different sources of starch vary up to 80-fold. Wheat and roots–tubers were the major sources of starch in countries with low total starch availability. Either corn and pulses, rice and pulses, or wheat and potatoes were the major sources of starch in those countries with high total starch availability. Starch availability in Canada, both total and by source, has been relatively constant over the 27 years examined. Slight increases in total starch and starch from cereals and pulses in 1987 will need to be followed to determine whether these represent the beginning of a real change in per capita starch availability.Key words: starch, availability.

scholarly journals Assessing the nutrient intake of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet: a hypothetical case study design

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e018846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caryn Zinn ◽  
Amy Rush ◽  
Rebecca Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Activity Factor ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Health Related

ObjectiveThe low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet is becoming increasingly employed in clinical dietetic practice as a means to manage many health-related conditions. Yet, it continues to remain contentious in nutrition circles due to a belief that the diet is devoid of nutrients and concern around its saturated fat content. This work aimed to assess the micronutrient intake of the LCHF diet under two conditions of saturated fat thresholds.DesignIn this descriptive study, two LCHF meal plans were designed for two hypothetical cases representing the average Australian male and female weight-stable adult. National documented heights, a body mass index of 22.5 to establish weight and a 1.6 activity factor were used to estimate total energy intake using the Schofield equation. Carbohydrate was limited to <130 g, protein was set at 15%–25% of total energy and fat supplied the remaining calories. One version of the diet aligned with the national saturated fat guideline threshold of <10% of total energy and the other included saturated fat ad libitum.Primary outcomesThe primary outcomes included all micronutrients, which were assessed using FoodWorks dietary analysis software against national Australian/New Zealand nutrient reference value (NRV) thresholds.ResultsAll of the meal plans exceeded the minimum NRV thresholds, apart from iron in the female meal plans, which achieved 86%–98% of the threshold. Saturated fat intake was logistically unable to be reduced below the 10% threshold for the male plan but exceeded the threshold by 2 g (0.6%).ConclusionDespite macronutrient proportions not aligning with current national dietary guidelines, a well-planned LCHF meal plan can be considered micronutrient replete. This is an important finding for health professionals, consumers and critics of LCHF nutrition, as it dispels the myth that these diets are suboptimal in their micronutrient supply. As with any diet, for optimal nutrient achievement, meals need to be well formulated.

scholarly journals Stratification of BMI categories among older adults within and across countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-263
Author(s):  
Carmen D Ng
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Programme Implementation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global Ageing

AbstractObjective:Within- and across-country nutritional disparities were examined among older adults in six different countries at varying levels of development.Design:Cross-sectional study.Participants:Older adults (aged 50 years or over) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa using the Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE).Results:While the distribution of BMI categories varied by country, development-related characteristics were generally related to BMI category in a similar way: urban-living, educated and wealthier individuals were typically more likely to be in a higher BMI category. However, there were some exceptions that corroborate findings in more developed countries. Indeed, a pooled partial proportional odds model which included gross domestic product per capita interactions made the case for intertwining processes of development and the nutrition transition.Conclusions:Population segments to be targeted by nutrition policy and programme implementation might need to change over the course of development.

China to Curtail Local Government Debt

2016 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Shuanglin LIN
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Limit Set ◽  
Government Bond ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Government Financing ◽  
Budget Revenue

In 2014, China’s total government debt was an estimated 60% of gross domestic product (GDP), close to the upper limit set by the European Union. The Xi administration has set budget deficit at 3% of GDP for 2016 and announced that government budget revenue will grow only 3.2% in 2016! It has also recently abolished local government financing vehicles, legalised local government bond issuing in 2014 and started "the debt swap" reform.

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