scholarly journals Feeding sunflower oil to partially defaunate the rumen increases nitrogen retention, urea-nitrogen recycling to the gastrointestinal tract and the anabolic use of recycled urea-nitrogen in growing lambs

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 1453-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Doranalli ◽  
Timothy Mutsvangwa
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Recycling ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Endogenous Production ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Metabolism

The objective of the present study was to delineate how interactions between feeding sunflower oil (SFO) to partially defaunate the rumen and altering dietary ruminally fermentable carbohydrate may alter urea-N kinetics and N metabolism in lambs. In a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, four Suffolk ram lambs (61·5 (se4·0) kg) were used. Treatments were 0 ( − SFO)v.6 % (+SFO) SFO and dry-rolled barley (DRB)v.pelleted barley (PB). N balance was measured over 4 d, with concurrent measurement of urea-N kinetics using continuous intra-jugular infusions of [15N15N]urea. Feeding SFO decreased (P = 0·001) ruminal protozoa and NH3-N concentrations. Urinary N excretion was lower (P = 0·003), and retained N was higher (P = 0·002) in +SFO lambs compared with − SFO lambs. Endogenous production of urea-N (urea-N entry rate; UER) was similar across treatments. Urea-N transfer to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (GIT entry rate; GER), expressed as absolute amounts (16·4v.13·1 g/d) or as a proportion of the UER (0·693v.0·570), its anabolic use (9·0v.6·0 g/d) and microbial N supply (14·6v.10·9 g/d) were higher (P ≤ 0·001) in +SFO lambs compared with –SFO lambs. As a proportion of the UER, GER was higher, whereas urinary urea-N loss was lower, in lambs fed PB compared with those fed DRB (P = 0·01). In summary, feeding SFO increased urea-N recycling to the GIT and microbial non-NH3-N supply, thus providing new evidence that the improved efficiency of N utilization in partially defaunated ruminants could be partly mediated by an increase in urea-N recycling.

THE EFFECT OF WHOLE SUNFLOWER SEEDS ON THE FLOW OF FAT AND FATTY ACIDS THROUGH THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF CANNULATED HOLSTEIN STEERS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. WHITE ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Palmitic Acids

Four cannulated (rumen, abomasum and ileum) Holstein steers were randomly allotted to four experimental diets in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Diets contained (1) 4% sunflower oil (SFO); (2) 10% whole sunflower seeds (WSS); (3) 20% WSS and (4) 10% canola meal (LFCM). Dysprosium was used to calculate the flow of the particulate digesta through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ratio of rumen acetate to propionate was increased (P < 0.05) when the LFCM diet was fed compared to when the three oil- or seed-containing diets were fed; there were no differences (P < 0.05) among the oil- or seed-containing diets. Apparent output of fat from the rumen compared to dietary intake was increased (P < 0.05) for all diets except SFO. Differences in fatty acid flow among the four diets diminished (P < 0.05) as the fat flowed through the GI tract. There was a decreased (P < 0.05) output of linoleic acid and an increased (P < 0.05) output of stearic and palmitic acids in the rumen compared to the dietary intake. The three oil diets had a higher (P < 0.05) flow of octadecanoic acids through the GI tract than the LFCM diet, and only the flow of stearic acid through the rumen differed (P < 0.05) among the three oil diets. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and energy were not different (P < 0.05) among the four diets. Fiber digestibility was unaffected by the increasing fat levels. Fat digestion coefficients increased with increasing dietary intake of fat, and calculated true digestibility of sunflower oil was 83.4%. Key words: Sunflower seeds (whole), fatty acid flow, gastrointestinal tract (lower)

Urea supplementation in rumen and post-rumen for cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (11) ◽  
pp. 1166-1178
Author(s):  
Cristhiane V. R. de Oliveira ◽  
Tadeu E. Silva ◽  
Erick D. Batista ◽  
Luciana N. Rennó ◽  
Fabyano F. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pulse Dose ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Urea Kinetics ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Microbial N

AbstractWe evaluated the differences between the supplementation of urea in rumen and/or abomasum on forage digestion, N metabolism and urea kinetics in cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage. Five Nellore heifers were fitted with rumen and abomasum fistulas and assigned to a Latin square design. The treatments were control, continuous infusion of urea in the abomasum (AC), continuous infusion of urea in the rumen, a pulse dose of urea in the rumen every 12 h (PR) and a combination of PR and AC. The control exhibited the lowest (P < 0·10) faecal and urinary N losses, which were, overall, increased by supplementation. The highest urinary N losses (P < 0·10) were observed when urea was either totally or partially supplied as a ruminal pulse dose. The rumen N balance was negative for the control and when urea was totally supplied in the abomasum. The greatest microbial N production (P < 0·10) was obtained when urea was partially or totally supplied in the abomasum. Urea supplementation increased (P < 0·10) the amount of urea recycled to the gastrointestinal tract and the amount of urea-N returned to the ornithine cycle. The greatest (P < 0·10) amounts of urea-N used for anabolism were observed when urea was totally and continuously infused in the abomasum. The continuous abomasal infusion also resulted in the highest (P < 0·10) assimilation of microbial N from recycling. The continuous releasing of urea throughout day either in the rumen or abomasum is able to improve N accretion in the animal body, despite mechanism responsible for that being different.

PSX-B-10 Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber concentration and forage inclusion rate on ruminal pH, reticular motility, and total tract permeability for finishing beef heifers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 457-458
Author(s):  
Murillo C Pereira ◽  
Karen A Beauchemin ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Wenzhu Yang ◽  
Joyce Van Donkersgoed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fiber Concentration ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Contraction Duration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Permeability

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentration and forage inclusion (FI) rate on dry matter (DM) intake, ruminal pH, reticular contractions, and gastrointestinal permeability for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated Hereford′Simmental heifers (699±69.1 kg) were used in an incomplete 6×6 Latin square (26-d periods) with a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement. Barley grain-based diets were formulated using barley silage or wheat straw to provide low or high uNDF (7.1 vs. 8.5% DM) with forage proportions of 5, 10, or 15% of dietary DM. Dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.10) and eating time (P ≥ 0.13) were not affected by uNDF, FI, or uNDF′FI. With low uNDF diets, increasing FI numerically (P = 0.02) increased rumination time (min/d); while, with high uNDF diets, rumination time increased with 5 to 10% FI, but not thereafter (P = 0.03). Mean ruminal pH was not affected by uNDF (6.17 vs. 6.19; P = 0.08), but increased with increasing FI (6.04b, 6.23a, and 6.28a; P = 0.02). Duration of ruminal pH &lt; 5.5 was not affected by uNDF but tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced with increasing FI. High uNDF diet tended to increase the frequency of reticular contractions (1.43 vs. 1.51 contractions/min; P = 0.07) but decreased the contraction duration (13.2 vs. 14.1 sec; P = 0.04). Increasing FI increased contraction frequency (1.39b, 1.50a, and 1.53a contractions/min; P = 0.03) and tended to reduce contraction duration as forage increased from 5 to 10 and 15% (14.3, 13.1, and 13.6 sec; P = 0.07). Feeding high uNDF decreased (P = 0.05) permeability of the gastrointestinal tract based on the appearance of Cr-EDTA in urine following an intra-ruminal dose. Increasing FI tended to reduce gastrointestinal tract permeability (P = 0.06). Limited interactions indicate that uNDF and FI act independently suggesting that increasing dietary uNDF, without increasing FI rate, can stimulate frequency of reticulo-ruminal contractions and reduce gastrointestinal permeability for finishing cattle.

Effect of blood in the gut on measurements of endogenous carbon monoxide production

Blood ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
RP Brouillard ◽  
ME Conrad ◽  
TA Bensinger
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Porphyrin Ring ◽  
Hemolytic Disease ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Endogenous Production ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Intestinal Mucosal Cells

Abstract Changes induced in measurements of endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) production by blood in the lumen of the gut were studied in five normal volunteers. The study was undertaken because exogenous heme is absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells where the porphyrin ring is split with the release of CO that could contribute to blood CO levels and lead to a fallacious diagnosis of hemolytic disease. Volunteers who consumed 200 ml of their own blood doubled their endogenous production of CO (0.69 versus 0.34 mumoles/kg/hr). This suggested that at least 3% of the ingested heme was degraded and recovered as CO within 2 1/2 hr. Measurements of serum bilirubin also showed a significant increase after ingestion of blood. These data indicate that blood in the gastrointestinal tract can interfere with quantification of heme and bilirubin turnover from measurements of either endogenous CO production or bilirubin and suggest that this might occur with the ingestion of meat.

scholarly journals 84 Effect of incorporating forage pea (c.v. Pisium sativum L.) into cereal hay on ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility when fed to beef heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
Alex Pursley ◽  
Bill Biligetu ◽  
Tom Warkentin ◽  
Bart Lardner ◽  
Greg B Penner
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Protein Supply

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of inclusion rate of pea hay in barley and oat hay when fed to beef cattle. Six ruminally-cannulated heifers (407 ± 38 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square with a 2 × 3 factorial design and 25-d periods. Treatments included barley or oat hay blended with pea hay to achieve inclusion rates of 0, 15, or 30% (DM basis). Pea inclusion increased DMI (P = 0.03) by 0.75 kg/d, and generally reduced sorting (P ≤ 0.006) against NDF and ADF compared to the cereal-only treatments. Pea inclusion decreased CP digestibility by 2.87% relative to cereal-only treatments, but did not affect the predicted microbial protein supply or nitrogen retention (P ≥ 0.77). Pea inclusion did not affect total ruminal SCFA concentration, but increased the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate and decreased the molar proportion of propionate (P ≤ 0.01). While cereal type did not affect DMI (P = 0.36) or total SCFA concentration (P = 0.61), use of oat hay improved DM digestibility (67.73 vs. 63.22% for oat and barley, respectively; P &lt; 0.001) and increased nitrogen retention (P = 0.03) when compared to barley. Overall, incorporating pea into cereal hay increased DMI, reduced CP digestibility, and altered ruminal fermentation.

Influence of dietary fibre on digestive utilization and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs and adult sows

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Le Goff ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Difference

AbstractFour experimental diets differing in the level and the origin of dietary fibre (DF) were studied: a control, low DF diet (diet C, 100 g total dietary fibre (TDF) per kg dry matter (DM)) and three fibre-rich diets (200 g TDF per kg DM) which corresponded to a combination of diet C and maize bran (diet MB), or wheat bran (diet WB), or sugar-beet pulp (diet SBP). During two successive experimental periods, each diet was offered to five pigs at a growing stage (35 kg body weight (BW)) and at a finishing stage (75 kg BW). In addition, four adult ovariectomized sows received successively one of the four diets according to a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. Digestive utilization of energy and nutrients of diets and rate of passage parameters were determined using a pulse dose of ytterbium oxide followed by total faecal collection. Faecal marker excretion was quantified using an age-dependent, one-compartment model, from which the mean retention time in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs (MRT) was obtained. The digestibility of dietary energy and nutrients, especially the DF fraction, increased with the increase in BW from growing to finishing pigs (P < 0.01) and was still higher in adult sows; the difference between pig stages was more pronounced for diet MB. At each stage, the digestibility of energy or nutrients was lower (P < 0.01) for diets MB or WB than for diet SBP. Accordingly, the energy and DF digestibility of sugar-beet pulp was higher and increased much less with BW. The MRT was shorter for diets MB and WB in growing pigs and in sows. Sows had a longer MRT (81 h) than finishing pigs (37 h) and growing pigs (33 h); however, MRT was highly variable between sows. It is concluded that the degree to which different types of DF are digested depends, in part, on the botanical origin, and it may be improved by a longer MRT in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Some fibrous foodstuffs (such as maize-by products) will benefit more from a longer MRT than others.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

scholarly journals Elevated pCO2 affects N-metabolism of young poplar plants (Populus tremula x P. alba) differently at deficient and sufficient N-supply

2003 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg Kruse ◽  
Ilka Hetzger ◽  
Carsten Mai ◽  
Andrea Polle ◽  
Heinz Rennenberg
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Metabolism

Feeding either palm oil or sunflower oil on nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in crossbred Thai native x Brahman bull

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wantanee Polviset ◽  
Nattiya Prakobsaeng
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of palm oil and sunflower oil supplementations on digestibility and blood metabolites in crossbred Thai native x brahman bulls fed on TMR used rice straw as a roughage source. Four, 2 year old crossbred Thai native x Brahman bulls were randomly assigned in a 2x2 factorial in 4 x 4 latin square design. Each period of feeding lasted for 21 days to receive four dietary treatments; 3% palm oil, 6% palm oil, 3% sunflower oil and 6% sunflower oil. All animals were fed with TMR ad-libitum. It was found that supplementation of palm oil and sunflower oil had no effect on digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP). Supplementation resulted in significant (P<0.05) lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility when feeding with palm oil on the other hand feeding beef cattle with 6% from palm oil and sunflower oil were higher Ether extract (EE) digestibility than 3% from twice oils (P<0.05). Blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein were not significant different among treatments. Based on this study, supplementing TMR sunflower oil in diets was suitable in beef cattle without any effect ruminal digestibility and blood metabolites.

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