scholarly journals Breakfast glycaemic index and cognitive function in adolescent school children

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 1823-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon B. Cooper ◽  
Stephan Bandelow ◽  
Maria L. Nute ◽  
John G. Morris ◽  
Mary E. Nevill
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Postprandial Period ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Study Participants

It has been suggested that a low-glycaemic index (GI) breakfast may be beneficial for some elements of cognitive function (e.g. memory and attention), but the effects are not clear, especially in adolescents. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a low-GI breakfast, a high-GI breakfast and breakfast omission on cognitive function in adolescents. A total of fifty-two adolescents aged 12–14 years were recruited to participate in the study. Participants consumed a low-GI breakfast, a high-GI breakfast or omitted breakfast. A battery of cognitive function tests was completed 30 and 120 min following breakfast consumption and capillary blood samples were taken during the 120 min postprandial period. The findings show that there was a greater improvement in response times following a low-GI breakfast, compared with breakfast omission on the Stroop (P = 0·009) and Flanker (P = 0·041) tasks, and compared with a high-GI breakfast on the Sternberg paradigm (P = 0·013). Furthermore, accuracy on all three tests was better maintained on the low-GI trial compared with the high-GI (Stroop:P = 0·039; Sternberg:P = 0·018; Flanker:P = 0·014) and breakfast omission (Stroop:P < 0·001; Sternberg:P = 0·050; Flanker:P = 0·014) trials. Following the low-GI breakfast, participants displayed a lower glycaemic response (P < 0·001) than following the high-GI breakfast, but there was no difference in the insulinaemic response (P = 0·063) between the high- and low-GI breakfasts. Therefore, we conclude that a low-GI breakfast is most beneficial for adolescents' cognitive function, compared with a high-GI breakfast or breakfast omission.

scholarly journals Effect of Differing Durations of High-Intensity Intermittent Activity on Cognitive Function in Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11594
Author(s):  
Lorna M. Hatch ◽  
Karah Dring ◽  
Ryan A. Williams ◽  
Caroline Sunderland ◽  
Mary Nevill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Test List ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm

Exercise duration may influence the acute effects on cognition. However, only one study to date has explored the dose-response relationship between exercise duration and cognition in adolescents. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of differing durations of high-intensity intermittent running on cognition in adolescents. Thirty-eight adolescents (23 girls) completed three trials separated by 7 d: 30 min exercise, 60 min exercise, and rest; in a randomised crossover design. The exercise was a modified version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST), which elicited high-intensity intermittent exercise. Cognitive function tests (Stroop test, Sternberg paradigm, Flanker task) were completed 30 min pre, immediately post, and 45 min post exercise. Response times on the incongruent level of the Flanker task improved to a greater extent 45 min following the 30 min LIST, compared to rest (p = 0.009). Moreover, response times improved to a greater extent on the three-item level of Sternberg paradigm 45 min following the 30 min LIST, compared to the 60 min LIST (p = 0.002) and rest (p = 0.013), as well as on the five-item level 45 min following the 30 min LIST, compared to the 60 min LIST (p = 0.002). In conclusion, acute exercise enhanced subsequent cognition in adolescents, but overall, 30 min of high-intensity intermittent running is more favourable to adolescents’ cognition, compared to 60 min.

Glycaemic index and glycaemic response: Exploring an optimum 24-hour profile for cognitive function

Appetite ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 681-682
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Grout ◽  
Daniel J. Lamport ◽  
Julie A. Lovegrove
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Glycaemic Response

scholarly journals Effect of football activity and physical fitness on information processing, inhibitory control and working memory in adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan A. Williams ◽  
Simon B. Cooper ◽  
Karah J. Dring ◽  
Lorna Hatch ◽  
John G. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Trial Time ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm

Abstract Background Whilst an acute bout of exercise has been shown to enhance subsequent cognition, including in adolescents, the effects of team games (of which Football is the most popular) has received little attention. Therefore, this study examined: the effect of an acute bout of outdoor Football activity on information processing, inhibitory control, working memory and circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in adolescents; the effect of physical fitness on cognition and; the moderating effect of physical fitness on the acute exercise responses. Methods Following familiarisation, 36 adolescents (16 girls) took part in two trials (60-min Football and 60-min seated rest) separated by 7-d in a counterbalanced, crossover design. Information processing and inhibitory control (Stroop Test), and working memory (Sternberg Paradigm) were assessed 30-min before exercise/rest and immediately, 45- and 90-min post-exercise/rest. Capillary blood samples were obtained before exercise/rest and up to 120-min post-exercise/rest. The median split of distance covered on the MSFT was used to divide the group into high- and low-fit groups. Results Performance on the cognitive function tasks was similar between Football and seated rest (trial*time interactions; all p > .05). However, the high-fit group had overall quicker response times on both levels of the Stroop Task and all three levels of the Sternberg Paradigm (main effect of fitness; all p < .001). Furthermore, the exercise-cognition relationship was moderated by physical fitness, with improvements in working memory response times seen post-exercise, only in the high-fit group (trial*time*fitness interaction, p < .05). Circulating BDNF was unaffected by the Football activity and physical fitness (p > .05). Conclusion The present study shows that higher levels of physical fitness are beneficial for cognitive function and provides novel evidence that an ecologically valid, and popular, form of exercise is beneficial for working memory following exercise, in high-fit participants only.

The Stereotype Threat Effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Insa Happach ◽  
Karla Spirandelli ◽  
Tania M. Lincoln ◽  
Fabrice Berna
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Threat Effect ◽  
Efficacy Expectations ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Neurocognitive deficits in patients with mental disorders are partially due to secondary influences. “Stereotype threat” denotes the phenomenon that performance is compromised when a participant is confronted with a devaluing stereotype. The present study examined the impact of stereotype threat on neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Seventy-seven participants with a self-reported diagnosis of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition involving stereotype threat activation or a control condition in an online study. Participants completed memory and attention tests as well as questionnaires on motivation, self-efficacy expectations, cognitive complaints, and self-stigmatization. Contrary to our prediction, the two groups showed no significant differences regarding neuropsychological performance and self-report measures. Limitations, such as a possibly too weak threat cue, are discussed and recommendations for future studies are outlined.

Glycaemic responses to glucose and rice in people of Chinese and European ethnicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kataoka ◽  
BJ Venn ◽  
SM Williams ◽  
Lisa Te Morenga ◽  
IM Heemels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Postprandial Glycaemia ◽  
Adjusted Risk Ratio ◽  
Glucose Curve

Aims: Diabetes rates are especially high in China. Risk of Type 2 diabetes increases with high intakes of white rice, a staple food of Chinese people. Ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia have been reported. We compared glycaemic responses to glucose and five rice varieties in people of European and Chinese ethnicity and examined possible determinants of ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia. Methods: Self-identified Chinese (n = 32) and European (n = 31) healthy volunteers attended on eight occasions for studies following ingestion of glucose and jasmine, basmati, brown, Doongara® and parboiled rice. In addition to measuring glycaemic response, we investigated physical activity levels, extent of chewing of rice and salivary α-amylase activity to determine whether these measures explained any differences in postprandial glycaemia. Results: Glycaemic response, measured by incremental area under the glucose curve, was over 60% greater for the five rice varieties (P < 0.001) and 39% greater for glucose (P < 0.004) amongst Chinese compared with Europeans. The calculated glycaemic index was approximately 20% greater for rice varieties other than basmati (P = 0.01 to 0.05). Ethnicity [adjusted risk ratio 1.4 (1.2-1.8) P < 0.001] and rice variety were the only important determinants of incremental area under the glucose curve. Conclusions: Glycaemic responses following ingestion of glucose and several rice varieties are appreciably greater in Chinese compared with Europeans, suggesting the need to review recommendations regarding dietary carbohydrate amongst rice-eating populations at high risk of diabetes. © 2012 Diabetes UK.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Psychiatric Symptoms with Performance-Based and Self-Reported Cognitive Function After Ischemic Stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Kliem ◽  
Elise Gjestad ◽  
Truls Ryum ◽  
Alexander Olsen ◽  
Bente Thommessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Difficulties ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective: Findings on the relationship of psychiatric symptoms with performance-based and self-reported cognitive function post-stroke are inconclusive. We aimed to (1) study the relation of depression and anxiety to performance-based cognitive function and (2) explore a broader spectrum of psychiatric symptoms and their association with performance-based versus self-reported cognitive function. Method: Individuals with supratentorial ischemic stroke performed neuropsychological examination 3 months after stroke. For primary analyses, composite scores for memory and attention/executive function were calculated based on selected neuropsychological tests, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. Psychiatric symptoms and self-reported cognitive function for secondary aims were assessed using the Symptom-Checklist-90 – Revised (SCL-90-R). Results: In a sample of 86 patients [mean (M) age: 64.6 ± 9.2; Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 3–7 days post-stroke: M = 28.4 ± 1.7; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) after 3 months: M = 0.7 ± 1.6] depressive symptoms (HADS) were associated with poorer memory performance after controlling for age, sex, and education (p ≤ .01). In a subsample (n = 41; Age: M = 65.7 ± 8.1; MMSE: M = 28.4 ± 1.8; NIHSS: M = 1.0 ± 1.9), symptoms of phobic anxiety (SCL-90-R) were associated with poorer performance-based memory and attention/executive function, and symptoms of anxiety (SCL-90-R) with lower attention/executive function. Higher levels of self-reported cognitive difficulties were associated with higher scores in all psychiatric domains (p ≤ .05). Conclusion: Even in relatively well-functioning stroke patients, depressive symptoms are associated with poorer memory. The results also suggest that various psychiatric symptoms are more related to self-reported rather than to performance-based cognitive function. Screening for self-reported cognitive difficulties may not only help to identify patients with cognitive impairment, but also those who need psychological treatment.

scholarly journals Glycaemic index values for commercially available potatoes in Great Britain

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 917-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jeya K. Henry ◽  
Helen J. Lightowler ◽  
Caroline M. Strik ◽  
Michael Storey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Finger Prick

The glycaemic response to eight potato varieties commercially available in Great Britain was compared against a glucose standard in a non-blind, randomised, repeated measure, crossover design trial. Seventeen healthy subjects (three males, fouteen females), mean age 32 (sd 13) years and mean BMI 22·3 (sd 3·6) kg/m2, were recruited to the study. Subjects were served portions of eight potato varieties and a standard food (glucose), on separate occasions, each containing 50 g carbohydrate. Capillary blood glucose was measured from finger-prick samples in fasted subjects (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the consumption of each test food. For each potato variety, the glycaemic index (GI) value was calculated geometrically by expressing the incremental area under the blood glucose curve (IAUC) as a percentage of each subject's average IAUC for the standard food. The eight potato varieties exhibited a wide range in GI values from 56 to 94. A trend was seen whereby potatoes with waxy textures produced medium GI values, whilst floury potatoes had high GI values. Considering the widespread consumption of potatoes in Great Britain (933–1086 g per person per week), this information could be used to help lower the overall GI and glycaemic load of the diets of the British population.

scholarly journals Effects of breaking up prolonged sitting following low and high glycaemic index breakfast consumption on glucose and insulin concentrations

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (7) ◽  
pp. 1299-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Bailey ◽  
Benjamin D. Maylor ◽  
Charlie J. Orton ◽  
Julia K. Zakrzewski-Fruer
Keyword(s):  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Prolonged Sitting

scholarly journals Glycaemic potency reduction by coarse grain structure in breads is largely eliminated during normal ingestion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Akila SRV ◽  
Suman Mishra ◽  
Allan Hardacre ◽  
Lara Matia-Merino ◽  
Kelvin Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Coarse Grain ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The hypothesis that coarse grain particles in breads reduce glycaemic response only if the particles remain intact during ingestion was tested. Three breads were formulated: (1) White bread (WB - reference), (2) 75% of kibbled purple wheat in 25% white bread matrix (PB), (3) a 1:1 mixture of 37.5% kibbled soy beans and 37.5% of kibble purple wheat in 25% white bread matrix (SPB). Each bread was ingested in three forms: unchewed (U), as customarily consumed (C), and homogenized (H). Twelve participants ingested 40 g available carbohydrate portions of each bread in each form, with post prandial blood glucose measured over 120 min. Glycaemic responses to WB were the same regardless of its form when ingested. Unchewed PB had significantly less glycaemic effect than WB, whereas the C and H forms were similar to WB. Based on a glycaemic index (GI) of 70 for WB the GI values for the C, U and H breads respectively were WB: 70.0, 70, 70, PB: 75, 42, 61, SPB: 57, 48, 55 (%) (Least significant difference = 17.43, p <0.05, bold numbers significantly different from WB). The similar glycaemic response to the H and C forms of the breads, and their difference from the U form, showed that the glycaemia-moderating effect of grain structure on starch digestion was lost during customary ingestion of bread. We conclude that kibbled grain structure may not effectively retard starch digestion in breads as normally consumed because it is largely eliminated by ingestive processes including chewing.

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