Stearic acid does not overcome trans-10, cis-12 CLA-induced milk fat depression in lactating ewes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
G. C. De Aguiar ◽  
R. Horstmann ◽  
C. G. Padilha ◽  
C. V. D. M. Ribeiro ◽  
D. E. De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Randomized Design

Abstract The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that stearic acid supplementation increases milk fat content and overcomes the antilipogenic effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in lactating ewes. Twenty-eight Lacaune ewes (36 ± 2 DIM; 70.5 ± 9.6 kg BW), producing 1.8 ± 0.4 kg of milk/day were used in a completely randomized design (7 ewes/treatment) for 21 days. The treatments were: 1) Control; 2) CLA (6.4 g/day of trans-10, cis-12 CLA); 3) SA (28 g/day of stearic acid) and; 4) CLASA (6.4 g/day of trans-10, cis-12 CLA plus 28 g/day of stearic acid). All data were analyzed using a mixed model that included the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of ewe. SA did not alter milk fat content and yield relative to Control (91.9 vs. 91.2 ± 4.1 g/d). SA in association with trans-10, cis-12 CLA (CLASA) was not able to overcome the reduction in fat content and fat yield induced by CLA (75 vs. 82 ± 0.14 g/d). SA increased the relative abundance of CD36, FABP4 and PPAR-γ mRNA by 140%, 112% and 68% compared to CLASA. SA also reduced the relative abundance of ACACAα PII and SCD when compared to Control (45% and 39%). Compared to CLA, CLASA treatment had no effect on the mRNA abundance of FASN, LPL, CD36, SCD, FABP4, AGPAT6, SREBP1 and PPAR-γ. In conclusion, stearic acid supplementation did not increase milk fat synthesis and did not overcome the CLA-induced milk fat depression when associated with trans-10, cis-12 CLA.

Variation in phosphorus content of milk from dairy cattle as affected by differences in milk composition

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 860-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. KLOP ◽  
J. L. ELLIS ◽  
M. C. BLOK ◽  
G. G. BRANDSMA ◽  
A. BANNINK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
P Content ◽  
P Utilization

SUMMARYIn view of environmental concerns with regard to phosphorus (P) pollution and the expected global P scarcity, there is increasing interest in improving P utilization in dairy cattle. In high-producing dairy cows, P requirements for milk production comprise a significant fraction of total dietary P requirements. Although variation in P content of milk can affect the efficiency of P utilization for milk production (i.e. the fraction of ingested P that is incorporated in milk), this variation is poorly understood. It was hypothesized that the P content of milk is related to both milk protein and milk lactose content, but not necessarily to milk fat content. Three existing experiments comprising individual animal data on milk yield and fat, protein, lactose and P content of milk (in total 278 observations from 121 cows) were analysed to evaluate this hypothesis using a mixed model analysis. The models including the effects of both protein and lactose content of milk yielded better prediction of milk P content in terms of root-mean-square prediction error (RMSPE) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) statistics than models with only protein included as prediction variable; however, estimates of effect sizes varied between studies. The inclusion of milk fat content in equations already including protein and lactose did not further improve prediction of milk P content. Equations developed to describe the relationship between milk protein and lactose contents (g/kg) and milk P content (g/kg) were: (Expt 1) P in milk=−0·44(±0·179)+0·0253(±0·00300)×milk protein+0·0133(±0·00382)×milk lactose (RMSPE: 5·2%; CCC: 0·71); (Expt 2) P in milk=−0·26 (±0·347)+0·0174(±0·00328)×milk protein+0·0143 (±0·00611)×milk lactose (RMSPE: 6·3%; CCC: 0·40); and (Expt 3) P in milk=−0·36(±0·255)+0·0131(±0·00230)×milk protein+0·0193(±0·00490)×milk lactose (RMSPE: 6·5%; CCC: 0·55). Analysis of the three experiments combined, treating study as a random effect, resulted in the following equation to describe the same relationship as in the individual study equations: P in milk=−0·64(±0·168)+0·0223(±0·00236)×milk protein+0·0191(±0·00316)×milk lactose (RMSPE: 6·2%; CCC: 0·61). Although significant relationships between milk protein, milk lactose and milk P were found, a considerable portion of the observed variation remained unexplained, implying that factors other than milk composition may affect the P content of milk. The equations developed may be used to replace current fixed milk P contents assumed in P requirement systems for cattle.

PSV-B-18 Characterization of the fecal microbiome of healthy adult beagle dogs supplemented with graded levels of bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 337-338
Author(s):  
Heather L Acuff ◽  
Tara N Gaire ◽  
Tyler Doerksen ◽  
Andrea Lu ◽  
Michael P Hays ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Fecal Microbiome

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 on the fecal microbiome of healthy adult dogs. Extruded diets containing graded levels of probiotic applied either to the base ration before extrusion or as a topical coating post-extrusion were randomly assigned to ten individually-housed Beagle dogs (7 castrated males, 3 spayed females) of similar age (5.75 ± 0.23 yr) and body weight (12.3 ± 1.5 kg) in a 5 x 5 replicated Latin square with 16-d adaptation and 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Five dietary treatments were formulated to deliver a dose of 0-, 6-, 7-, 8-, or 9-log10 CFU·dog-1·d-1. Fresh fecal samples (n=50) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Community diversity was evaluated in R (v4.0.3, R Core Team, 2019). Relative abundance data were analyzed using a mixed model (v9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment and period as fixed effects and dog as a random effect. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05. Predominant phyla were Firmicutes (mean 81.2% ± 5), Actinobacteria (mean 9.9% ± 4.4), Bacteroidetes (mean 4.5% ± 1.7), Proteobacteria (mean 1.3% ± 0.7), and Fusobacteria (mean 1.1% ± 0.6). No evidence of shifts in predominant phyla, class, family, or genus taxonomic levels were observed except for the Bacillus genus, which had a greater relative abundance (P = 0.0189) in the low probiotic coating and high probiotic coating treatment groups compared to the extruded probiotic group. Alpha-diversity indices (Richness, Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson, Inverse Simpson, and Fisher) and beta-diversity metrics (principal coordinate analysis and multi-dimensional scaling) were similar for all treatments. This data indicates that supplementation with Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 at a dose of up to 9 log10 CFU·d-1 did not alter the overall diversity of the fecal microbiome of healthy adult dogs over a 21-d period.

scholarly journals The Ruminal Microbiome and Metabolome Alterations Associated with Diet-Induced Milk Fat Depression in Dairy Cows

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Zeng ◽  
Changzheng Guo ◽  
Daming Sun ◽  
Hossam-eldin Seddik ◽  
Shengyong Mao
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Ruminal Microbiota ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Highly Correlated

Milk fat depression (MFD) syndrome represents a significant drawback to the dairy industry. The aim of this study was to unravel the ruminal metabolome-microbiome interaction in response to diet-induced MFD in dairy cows. Twelve healthy second parity Holstein dairy cows (days in milk (DIM) = 119 ± 14) were randomly assigned into control (CON, n = 6) group and treatment (TR, n = 6) group. Cows in TR group received a high-starch total mixed ration (TMR) designed to induce an MFD syndrome. Decreased milk fat yield and concentration in TR cows displayed the successful development of MFD syndrome. TR diet increased the relative abundance of Prevotella and decreased the relative abundance of unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Oribacterium, unclassified Veillonellaceae and Pseudobutyrivibrio in ruminal fluid. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the ruminal fluid content of glucose, amino acids and amines were significantly increased in TR cows compared with CON cows. Correlation analysis revealed that the concentration of amines and amino acids were highly correlated with the abundance of Oribacterium, Pseudobutyrivibrio, RC9_gut_group, unclassified BS11_gut_group and Selenomonas. In general, these findings revealed that TR diet reduced the rumination time and altered rumen fermentation type, which led to changes in the composition of ruminal microbiota and metabolites, and caused MFD.

The use of a calcium soap to alleviate milk fat depression in dairy cows when turned out to grass

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 140-140
Author(s):  
P.C. Garnsworthy ◽  
S.J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Fat Feeding

When autumn-calving dairy cows are turred out to grass, the sudden change in diet composition, particularly the drop in fibre content, can frequently result in a depression in the fat content of milk. This depression can be minimised by feeding forages such as hay or silage to cows at grass but this will usually result in a decrease in the overall energy concentration of the ration, thus decreasing potential performance. In rations fed to dairy cows during the winter, milk fat content can be increased by the use of supplements containing fibrous sources of carbohydrate or fat. Feeding high levels of fat can be counter productive, due to its effect on fibre digestion, but calcium soaps have been found to have less effect on runen fermentation than free fatty acids.

scholarly journals The evaluation of breeding value of simmental bulls for milk performance in Serbia

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
V. Pantelic ◽  
M. Plavsic ◽  
S. Trivunovic ◽  
S. Aleksic ◽  
Lj. Sretenovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
The Republic ◽  
One Year ◽  
Lactation Duration

The basis for selection work is knowledge of the quality of bull sires used for conception, as well as how the major traits are passed on to the progeny. BLUP method (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) is the basis of the most favourable solution for evaluation of additive gene value in cattle production, and it is implemented in various variants depending on the structure of data used. This research included 2.121 Simmental first cavers under control, with lactations completed within one year. All first calvers were located on holdings of individual agricultural producers on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Evaluation of the bull breeding value for lactation duration, milk production, milk fat yield, yield of 4% FCM and percentage of milk fat, was carried out by using the mixed model (BLUP), the calculation included random effect of bull sire and fixed effect of the region, year and season of calving. In this study, bull sires which had in two or three regions over 20 daughters - first calvers of Simmental breed. Number of first calving heifers ranged from 22 to 215 animals per bull sire. By using BLUP method in evaluation of breeding value of bulls in terms of yield of milk, milk fat, content of milk fat and 4% FCMI and by ranking, results were obtained showing superiority and inferiority of breeding males.

Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ Agonist, Fails to Attenuate CLA-Induced Milk Fat Depression and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Lactating Mice

Lipids ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 641-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diwakar Vyas ◽  
Beverly B. Teter ◽  
Pierluigi Delmonte ◽  
Richard A. Erdman
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Ppar Γ

Feeding and milk fat production

1984 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Frequent Feeding

Decreasing the proportion of long forage in mixed diets from 400 to 100 g/kg at constant digestible energy intakes reduces milk fat content by approximately 5 g/kg for every 100 g/kg decrease in hay. This response varies widely and a safe minimum diet composition to maintain approximately 40 g fat/kg milk from Friesian cows in mid-lactation is approximately 450 g long forage/kg or 220 g acid-detergent fibre/kg dry matter. This, however, would reduce milk yields. With barley-based concentrates, milk yield increases as the proportion of hay in the diet is reduced, with the result that the reduction in the yield of fat is less than the fall in its concentration. Milk fat content is higher when ground maize, which is a slowly fermented starch source, or fodder beet or fibrous by-products replace rapidly fermented starch sources such as barley in low-roughage diets. Milk yield, however, is lower. Supplementary fats and oils generally increase milk yield but their effects on milk fat content and yield vary widely.Increasing the intake of high-concentrate diets of fixed composition increases the yield of milk but reduces its fat content. Increasing the number of meals per 24 h reduces this milk fat depression without affecting milk yield. Thus, advice on milk fat production must take account of the level of intake, the pattern of feeding and the diet composition.In most situations, the avoidance of low milk fat content requires control of rumen fermentation to prevent high proportions of propionic acid. However, with frequent feeding during the 24 h, high propionic acid in the rumen has less effect on milk fat. It appears that high plasma insulin concentration is the main factor reducing milk fat production.The release of insulin is stimulated by the peaks of propionate, which are produced after large meals of concentrates but not by the steady supply of propionate associated with frequent feeding.Available knowledge can permit wide variation in milk fat production by dietary manipulation with reasonable accuracy but the future aim should be for more direct intervention at metabolic control points.

Applying stock indicators for assessment of a recreational surf clam (Donax deltoides) fishery in Victoria, Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1381-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zac Lewis ◽  
Khageswor Giri ◽  
Vincent L. Versace ◽  
Carol Scarpaci
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Surf Clam ◽  
Stock Status ◽  
Peak Summer ◽  
Australian Summer

The aim of this study was to apply indicators for monitoring the impacts of harvest in a recreational surf clam fishery. We investigated trends in abundance, biomass and size structure and proportion of sexual maturity for the pipi (Donax deltoides) in Venus Bay, Australia. The surf clam stock was sampled during the peak harvesting season in the Australian summer (November to February) at four sites exposed to varying degrees of recreational harvest. Sampling was based on three transects at each site; with 0.027 m3 (0.3 m × 0.3 m × 0.3 m) quadrats stratified within transects by tidal position. Restricted maximum likelihood mixed model analyses were used to examine fixed effect combinations after including a priori random effect for transect within site. Results demonstrated that relative abundance varied significantly (P = 0.0090) among sampling months but not among sites. Relative abundance declined across the peak summer harvest season. The proportion of maturity varied significantly (P = 0.00026) among sites whereas relative biomass varied significantly (P = 0.0043) among months by sites. Relative biomass and the proportion of maturity were considerably higher at the site exposed to minimal harvest compared to other sites. This study demonstrates that a suite of indictors including biomass, size–frequency and proportion of maturity are likely to provide a more accurate assessment of stock status in recreationally fished surf clam populations, than relative abundance. This highlights the need to develop methods to estimate relative biomass in surf clam populations that are not exploited commercially.

scholarly journals 165 Evaluation of Milk Urea Nitrogen Measurement Precision and Accuracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 134-134
Author(s):  
Kristan F Reed ◽  
Emma Wood ◽  
David M Barbano ◽  
Matilde Portnoy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Milk Urea Nitrogen

Abstract High levels of urea in blood, milk and urine have been linked to poor nitrogen efficiency, increased feed costs, poor reproductive performance and increased environmental impacts of dairy farming. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is a commonly used metric to manage herd nitrogen efficiency, with current recommendations for MUN to be between 8–14 mg/dL to maintain milk production and reduce nitrogen losses. However, a previous work suggests commercial analysis of MUN with mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) may not be precise enough to determine if a milk sample is within the recommended range. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of milk testing lab MUN measurements. Four sets of bulk tank samples were sent to 3 commercial labs and one research lab for analysis by MIR. Samples were sent to commercial labs in duplicate and MUN was also assessed through an enzymatic assay. The Euclidean distance (ED) was calculated as a combined metric of precision and accuracy. The ED was not different between labs and ranged from 0.81–1.27. Repeatability (sr) and reproducibility (sR) were estimated for commercial labs and ranged from (0.297–0.469) and (0.555–0.791) respectively. Differences between individual sample MIR and enzymatic MUN were regressed on the centered enzymatic MUN in a linear mixed model that included a random effect of lab and fixed effects for milk protein and milk fat. Regression results indicate MIR analysis over-predicts MUN at low MUN concentrations and under predicts MUN at high MUN concentrations. Results suggest MIR analysis of MUN is more accurate around milk MUN, protein, and fat concentrations of ~13 mg/dl, 3.4% protein, and 4.2% fat. Further, the combined residual error and random effect of lab suggest the standard error of an MUN MIR measurement is ±1.8.

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