Aspects of the biology of Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondracek and D. harrisoni Osisanya (Homoptera, Psyllidae)

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Osisanya
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Oviposition Rate ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Multiple Matings ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Timber Tree

AbstractDiclidophlebia eastopi Vondráček and D. harrisoni Osisanya are pests of the timber tree Triplochiton scleroxylon in Nigeria. The egg and five nymphal instars are described and illustrated. Under laboratory conditions the life-cycle (egg-egg) of D. eastopi was completed in 18½ days, and mated fed females had a life span of 15 days. The sex ratio in the field was 1:1. Nymphs feed near the veins of mature leaves, causing premature leaf fall; adults feed on leaves of any age and cause no symptoms. Fecundity averaged 502 eggs, with a daily oviposition rate of 38; most eggs are laid in batches along the veins of mature leaves. The life-cycle of D. harrisoni was 16 days; mated and fed females lived 10 days. The feeding of firstinstar nymphs near the margins of young leaves causes leaf tunnels to form, inside which the nymphs complete their development; adults feed only from young leaves. In the field the female:male ratio was 2:3. Fecundity averaged 131, with a daily oviposition rate of 31. Fertility improved with multiple matings. The eggs are laid singly, partially embedded in the epidermis, and only on young leaves.

scholarly journals Biology of Blastopsylla occidentalis (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Aphalaridae), a pest of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) in Yaounde, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Victor Joly Dzokou ◽  
Soufo Laurentine ◽  
Tamesse Joseph Lebel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Development Life Cycle ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Integrated Pest Control

Eucalyptus spp belong to the family of Myrtaceae and grow all over the world and are adapted to different climates and soils. In Cameroon, these plants are very important for their medicinal and ecological virtues. Eucalyptus globulus has economically and ornamentally values. Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor (Psylloidea: Aphalaridae) is one of the insects feeding on this plant and its causes severe damages to their host plants. Significant damage occurred in nurseries and in a very young plantations of Eucalyptus spp. The biology of B. occidentalis was studied from July 2010 to June 2011 at Yaounde. The parameters mating process, choice of the egg-laying site by the females, fecundity of the females, longevity of the adults, embryonic and larval development, life cycle and sex ratio were studied. The results showed that males emerged before females, and the mating process lasted about 42 minutes. The longevity of adults was 11 days on average and egg-laying began 8 days after emergence. The average fertility was 38 eggs per female. The eggs were laid on the buds, bracts, young leaves and twigs of its host plant. The life cycle, from egg to egg, required 32 days on average. The sex ratio was close to 1.03. This species fed and developed on Eucalyptus spp. has never been observed on other plants species in the study area, suggesting a specificity of this psyllid to its host plant. These results can be considered as an important step for the establishment of integrated pest control against Eucalyptus psyllid pest species in Cameroon.

scholarly journals Life-cycle parameters of Copitarsia uncilata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on three natural diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 7763-7771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Milena Castro Marquez ◽  
Daniel Rodriguez Caicedo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

This study describes the life cycle of Copitarsia uncilata Burgos & Leiva (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions without photophase and a second experiment with photophase of 12 hours on three natural diets. The life cycle of C. uncilata was significantly shorter for females (76.46 ± 1.01 days, p=0.033) reared on alstroemeria (Alstroemeria sp.) diet without photophase, and for males (79.78 ± 0.36 days, p=0.046) reared on broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica), with photophase. The emergence of the adults was 100% and 73.33% from larvae fed on alstroemeria, 90.9% and 88.88% for individuals fed on broccoli, 86.2% and 50% for those fed on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), without and with photophase respectively. The sex ratio (male:female) of individuals reared without photophase, evidenced a higher rate of females on alstroemeria (1:1.3), followed by cauliflower (1:0.6) and broccoli (1:0.5). In the experiment with photophase, the sex ratio was higher on alstroemeria (1:1.5), followed by cauliflower (1:0.9) and broccoli (1:0.6). As a conclusion, the most suitable diet for laboratory mass rearing in terms of life cycle parameters of C. uncilata is broccoli followed by alstroemeria and cauliflower.

Studies on Stenobracon deesae (Cam.), a Parasite of certain Lepidopterous Borers of graminaceous Crops in India

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Narayanan ◽  
R. P. Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
June July ◽  
Host Influence

Experiments were conducted to investigate oviposition and host selection by Stenobracon deesae (Cam.), a Braconid parasite of certain Lepidoperous borers of sugar-cane, maize and sorghum in India. The fecundity and sex-ratio of this parasite and the duration of its life-cycle were also studied.Chilo zonellus (Swinh.) and Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) were used as hosts. The former is one of the principal hosts in the field, but the latter is not normally a host of this parasite.The femal Stenobracon normally avoids laying eggs on hosts that are already parasitised by its own kind when unparasitised hosts are available; but in the absence of healthy hosts or when these are too crowded, parasitised hosts are attacked by it.At a temperature of 26°C. and relative humidity of 75 per cent., the life-cycle of the parasite was completed, on an average, in 23·3 days, but under laboratory conditions at Delhi it took 14·1 days in June-July and 43·7 days in November-December. The average duration of adult life of females in June-February, mainly in ordinary laboratory conditions, was 35·7 days, and single females lived as long as 122 and 128 days. The adult male lived for 42·7 days on the average.In the laboratory, the female lays about 24 eggs on an average, but only about one-third of them yield adults.Males predominate. The sex-ratio appears to vary according to the host; among adults reared on Chilo larvae, 28·8 per cent. were females, but among others reared on Corcyra larvae, only 6·2 per cent. were females.The phenomena of discrimination between parasitised and unparasitised hosts and of the change of sex-ratio with change of host are discussed. It is suggested that the ovipositor enables the parasite to recognise the host and that the stimuli received by the ovipositor from the host influence the functioning of the spermatheca which in turn controls fertilisation and finally the sex of the progeny.

scholarly journals Life cycle, feeding behavior and nature of damage of sweet potato leaf moth, Agrius cingulata (Fabricius) and Agrius Convolvuli (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Bani Halder ◽  
Shanjida Sultana ◽  
Tangin Akter ◽  
Shefali Begum
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Duration ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Feeding Potential

The sweet potato hornworm Agrius cingulata and Agrius convolvuli are destructive pests of sweet potato. This study was conducted to observe the life cycle and the feeding potential of larval instars of A. cingulata and A. convolvuli under laboratory condition (28 ± 4ºC, 70 ± 4% RH and 12 L : 12 D photoperiod). The laboratory study revealed an average incubation period of 6 ± 0.50 days for A. cingulata and 4 ± 0.50 days for A. convolvuli, larval duration of 42 ± 1 days for A. cingulata and 24 ± 1 days for A. convolvuli, pupation period 26±1 days for A. cingulata and 14±1 days for A. convolvuli. The life span from egg to adult stage, on an average, was 73 days for A. cingulata and 55 days for A. convolvuli. The larval feeding potential was determined by both the maturity and availability of suitable leaves although mature larvae were observed to feed on the stems and flower of the host plant in absence of suitable leaves. The larvae of both hornworms preferred mostly the young and mature leaves. The caterpillars of A. cingulata and A. convolvuli were found voracious feeder. The nature of damage of sweet potato hornworm mostly occurred on the host-plant. The yield of sweet potato was reduced due to the infestation of the pests. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 27(2): 125-134, 2018 (July)

scholarly journals Parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera pupae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Tetrastichus howardi and Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harley Nonato de Oliveira ◽  
Juliana Simonato ◽  
Daniele Fabiana Glaeser ◽  
Fabrício Fagundes Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Helicoverpa armigera is a pest that was recently detected in Brazil, which causes significant losses in various crops in different regions of the country. Biological control has been reported to offer a promising alternative in the management of this pest. Thus, this study evaluated the ability of the parasitoids Tetrastichus howardi and Trichospilus diatraeae to parasitize pupae of H. armigera in the laboratory. H. armigera pupae were individually exposed to 15 female Trichospilus diatraeae or 15 female Tetrastichus howardi for 24 h. The pupae remained under observation until the emergence of parasitoids. Parasitism by both parasitoids was observed in 100% of the pupae. Further, 100% of Tetrastichus howardi and 90% of Trichospilus diatraeae emerged. The life cycle of Tetrastichus howardi parasitizing pupae of H. armigera was 15 ± 0.0 days, while that of Trichospilus diatraeae was 15.90 ± 0.10 days. The numbers of offspring from Tetrastichus howardi and Trichospilus diatraeae were 669.3 ± 33.47 and 816.11 ± 89.22 per pupae, with a sex ratio of 0.91 ± 0.01 and 0.94 ± 0.01, respectively. Tetrastichus howardi and Trichospilus diatraeae were shown to successfully parasitize H. armigera pupae in laboratory conditions, suggesting that this host could be used for rearing both parasitoids. However, further detailed studies of the host-parasitoid relationship are needed to assess the feasibility of including these parasitoids in integrated management programs of H. armigera.

Asperisporium caricae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Early Suggestion ◽  
Young Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Asperisporium caricae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Carica papaya. DISEASE: Black spot, blight or 'rust' of papaw (Carica papaya). Water-soaked spots on mature leaves become necrotic, usually circular and up to 4 mm diam., the dark conidia! masses being conspicuous on the under surface. Abundant spotting causes defoliation and over 50% leaf fall can occur. Similar spots form on the fruit; they cause shallow lesions and no decay. Young leaves are not attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to Central and S. America, West Indies and USA (Florida, Texas) (CMI Map 488, ed. 1, 1972). TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed but no experimental work has been reported and there is no confirmation of an early suggestion of seed transmission (4: 682).

LIFE HISTORY OF THE APHID HYPERPARASITOID ASAPHES VULGARIS WALKER (PTEROMALIDAE): POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES ON THE EFFICACY OF THE PRIMARY PARASITOID APHIDIUS NIGRIPES ASHMEAD (APHIDIIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 1493-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Brodeur ◽  
Jeremy N. McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Lifetime Fecundity ◽  
Primary Parasitoid ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Aphidius Nigripes ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAspects of the life history of the aphid hyperparasitoid Asaphes vulgaris Walker, when reared on Aphidius nigripes Ashmead, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Longevity was significantly related to temperature and to the sex of adults. Female life span was about 4 months at 15 °C compared with 46 days at 25 °C; under the same conditions male longevity was 66 and 19 days, respectively. Females started to oviposit in aphid mummies upon eclosion and lifetime fecundity was high, reaching 1433 offspring. The sex ratio (proportion of males) was low early in reproductive life but rose sharply after several weeks. The implications of these results on the efficacy of A. nigripes in the potato agrosystem are discussed. It is suggested that high hyperparasitoid fecundity and longevity might play a role in reducing the impact of the primary parasitoid.

Karakter Morfologi Daun Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Pangan Suku Dani Distrik Kurulu Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Opalina Logo ◽  
Dwiana Wasgito Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tuber Roots

Sweet potato serves as a staple food for people in Jayawijaya. Many cultivars of sweet potatoes have been cultivated by Dani tribe in Kurulu as foot for their infant, child and adult as well as feeding especially for pigs. Base on the used of sweet potatoes as food source for infant and child, this study explored 10 different cultivars. As for the leaf morphology, it was indentified that the mature leaves have size around 15 � 18 cm. general outline of the leaf is reniform (40%), 60% have green colour leaf, 50% without leaf lobe, 60% of leaf lobes number is one, 70% of shape of central leaf lobe is toothed. Abazial leaf vein pigmentation have purple (40%), and petiole pigmentation is purple with green near leaf (60%), besides its tuber roots, sweet potatoes are also harvested for its shoots and green young leaves for vegetables.

scholarly journals The role of JrPPOs in the browning of walnut explants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Linqing Li ◽  
Jinbing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Young Leaves

Abstract Background Tissue culture is an effective method for the rapid breeding of seedlings and improving production efficiency, but explant browning is a key limiting factor of walnut tissue culture. Specifically, the polymerization of PPO-derived quinones that cause explant browning of walnut is not well understood. This study investigated explants of ‘Zanmei’ walnut shoot apices cultured in agar (A) or vermiculite (V) media, and the survival percentage, changes in phenolic content, POD and PPO activity, and JrPPO expression in explants were studied to determine the role of PPO in the browning of walnut explants. Results The results showed that the V media greatly reduced the death rate of explants, and 89.9 and 38.7% of the explants cultured in V media and A media survived, respectively. Compared with that of explants at 0 h, the PPO of explants cultured in A was highly active throughout the culture, but activity in those cultured in V remained low. The phenolic level of explants cultured in A increased significantly at 72 h but subsequently declined, and the content in the explants cultured in V increased to a high level only at 144 h. The POD in explants cultured in V showed high activity that did not cause browning. Gene expression assays showed that the expression of JrPPO1 was downregulated in explants cultured in both A and V. However, the expression of JrPPO2 was upregulated in explants cultured in A throughout the culture and upregulated in V at 144 h. JrPPO expression analyses in different tissues showed that JrPPO1 was highly expressed in stems, young leaves, mature leaves, catkins, pistils, and hulls, and JrPPO2 was highly expressed in mature leaves and pistils. Moreover, browning assays showed that both explants in A and leaf tissue exhibited high JrPPO2 activity. Conclusion The rapid increase in phenolic content caused the browning and death of explants. V media delayed the rapid accumulation of phenolic compounds in walnut explants in the short term, which significantly decreased explants mortality. The results suggest that JrPPO2 plays a key role in the oxidation of phenols in explants after branch injury.

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