The Arthropod Population of the Soil in some East African Pastures

1952 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Salt
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
East African ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Earthworm Population

A method is described for the extraction of arthropods from soil.Eleven soil samples from pastures in the neighbourhood of Moshi, Tanganyika, and at Kawanda, Uganda, yielded collections representing a population of 54,565 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 6 ins. of soil or, if three samples are adjusted in conformity with biological indications, of 38,417 per sq. metre.Nine soil samples from coffee and cassava plantations and from fallow ground gave collections representing a population of 24,423 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 12 ins. (in some cases 8 ins.) of soil.Twenty-five soil samples from a pasture near Cambridge, examined in a strictly comparable manner, gave collections representing a population of 90,238 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 6 ins. of soil.It appears that the arthropod population in the uppermost 6 ins. of East African pasture soil is much smaller than, and only about half as large as, that in an English pasture.The causes and consequences of the smaller arthropod population of tropical soil are briefly discussed, and a connection is suggested between the meagre arthropod (and earthworm) population and the large amount of ligneolis material found in the soil samples examined, This connection may also bear on the paucity of humus in some tropical soils.

Studies in tropical soils: IV. Organic transformations in soils, composts and peat

1937 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Prairie Soil ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Chemical Characters ◽  
Organic Decomposition

1. Waksman's simplified scheme of fractionation was used in attempts to trace the organic transformations occurring in some tropical samples of composts, soils and peats.2. It was found that a useful partition of the nitrogenous substances into hydrolysable and resistant fractions could be effected by boiling with 5 per cent sulphuric acid for 6 hours.3. Two profile layers of a black calcareous Trinidadian clay soil were compared with two horizons of a prairie soil examined by Waksman & Stevens. The surface layers of both soils were found to be similar in chemical characters, but the lower subsoil layers of the Trinidadian soil gave evidence of a more advanced and profound degree of organic decomposition.4. Serial soil samples, taken from eight undisturbed natural profiles representative of humid tropical soil types occurring in Jamaica and Trinidad, were similarly examined.

scholarly journals The Phytoextraction of Copper from Tropical Soil 21 Years after Amendment with Heavy-Metal Containing Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Gianluigi Silva ◽  
Septi Nurul Aini ◽  
Henrie Buchari ◽  
Abdul Kadir Salam
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lettuce Plant ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Plant Parts

Several particular plants are suggested to extract significant parts of heavy metals from soils and accumulate them in their roots and shoots.  This research aimed to study the phytoextraction of Cu by several plants from heavy-metal contaminated tropical soils.  Soil samples collected from plots treated in 1998 with 0, 15 and 60 Mg industrial waste ha-1 were planted with three different plants, i.e., caisim, water spinach, and lettuce.   Plant parts (roots and shoots) and soil samples were harvested after a four-week growth period and analyzed for plant and soil Cu.  The results show that the growth of plants was depressed by the increase in the soil Cu (extracted by 1 N HNO3) as affected by waste levels, with water spinach being the most progressive and produced the most significant biomass.  The absorption of Cu by caisim and water spinach increased with the soil extracted Cu (linear R2 = 0.71* for caisim and 0.32* for water spinach) and accumulated greater in plant roots than that in shoots. The translocation factor (TF << 1.00) indicates that all plants were good Cu phytostabilizators rather than phytoextractors, with water spinach being the best Cu extractor.

scholarly journals New thermal inducible Streptomyces phages isolated from tropical soils

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Balan ◽  
Gabriel Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Streptomyces Species ◽  
Streptomyces Sp ◽  
Long Tails ◽  
Large Host ◽  
Adsorption Curve

Two new Streptomyces phages, øBP1 and øBP2, were isolated from tropical soil samples. These phages presented a large host range and developed both lytic and lysogenic responses in different Streptomyces species tested. Variations in the incubation temperature showed to be important in the development of the replication cycle. Increasing incubation temperature from 30oC to 42oC induced the lytic response of øBP2 and lysogenic of øBP1 in the host strain Streptomyces sp. WL6. øBP1 and øBP2 have icosahedral heads with long tails and were characterized in relation to morphology, G + C content, genome size and adsorption curve

scholarly journals The use of N HNO3 to determine copper and zinc levels in heavy-metal polluted tropical soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
A K Salam ◽  
M Milanti ◽  
G Silva ◽  
F Rachman ◽  
I M T D Santa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Chemical Extractants ◽  
Soil Zn ◽  
Zinc Levels

Abstract This study compared N HNO3 to other methods to determine plant available heavy metals in heavy-metal polluted soils. Soil samples were obtained from an experimental field treated with industrial waste after 22 years of the amendment and employed to conduct the comparative and correlation study. Soil samples were analyzed for Cu using various methods, planted in a glass house with several plants, and analyzed for soil and plant Cu and Zn. The relative strength of the chemical extractants followed the order of N HNO3 ≈ N HCl > Buffered DTPA ≈ Unbuffered DTPA > M CaCl2 ≈ N NH4OAc pH 7. A high correlation was observed for soil extracted Cu by M CaCl2 or N NH4OAc pH 7 or N HCl vs. Buffered DTPA and N HNO3 or N NH4OAc pH 7 vs. N HCl. High correlations of plant and soil Cu extracted by N HNO3 were shown by caisim, water spinach, land spinach, and corn, while plant and soil Zn were shown by caisim, water spinach, land spinach, and lettuce.

scholarly journals Calibration of a soil moisture sensor with disturbed and undisturbed soil samples from Bahia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 696-701
Author(s):  
João G. A. Lima ◽  
Aureo S. de Oliveira ◽  
Luciano da S. Souza ◽  
Neilon D. da Silva ◽  
Paula C. Viana
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Undisturbed Samples ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Quadratic Models

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the models proposed by manufacturers and in the literature with respect to soil moisture measurement and to evaluate the performance of the CS616 sensor in the calibration of disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. These calibrations were performed using linear and quadratic models. Disturbed samples were collected in São Gabriel/BA, six samples placed in pots, whereas undisturbed samples were collected in Cruz das Almas/BA, three samples directly collected in the area and placed in a container. A calibration was performed between 21/12/2016 and 08/01/2017. The models proposed in the literature and by manufacturers differed in the estimation of volumetric soil moisture. Disturbed soil samples had higher data dispersion than undisturbed samples, due to factors such as grain size and bulk density, which influence the calibration data. The CS616 sensor had satisfactory performance in the calibration of disturbed and undisturbed samples, with excellent fit of the soil moisture data. Using soil moisture contents obtained by the CS616 sensor, without a previous calibration, may lead to errors in the results, confirming the need for a specific calibration for each type of soil.

scholarly journals First report of the genus Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) from continental Portugal

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Valadas ◽  
P. Vieira ◽  
S. Oliveira ◽  
M. Mota
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
First Report ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Trapping Method

AbstractUntil recently, the only entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species reported from continental Portugal, was of the genus Steinernema. Following a national survey of EPNs in continental Portugal, several natural and managed habitats have been surveyed in the southern part of the country. From 57 soil samples collected using the Galleria mellonella trapping method, three samples yielded EPN. Morphological characterization and sequence analysis of the ITS regions of ribosomal DNA allowed the identification of EPN isolates as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, representing the first report of this genus for continental Portugal.

Comparison of Soil Water Retention Functions for Humid Tropical Soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 567 ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuraddeen Muhammad Babangida ◽  
Muhammad Askari ◽  
Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof ◽  
Raza Ul Mustafa Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Model Quality ◽  
Humid Tropical Soils

The determination of soil hydraulic properties is of paramount importance as they are needed in many models of water and solute transport in soils, however conventional methods are quite difficult, expensive and sometimes cumbersome to use. Most studies of soil water retention functions are for temperate soils and their soil water retention curve (SWRC) cannot be extrapolated to tropical region, as such this study focused solemnly on SWRC of soils of tropical region (Malaysia and Indonesia to be specific). The analytical models of Brooks & Corey, van Genuchten and Kosugi were applied to model the SWRC for humid tropical soils, parameters of the three models were optimised by fitting them to 191 soil samples, of 10 different classes (International society of soil science classification) using VBA & MS excel solver add in. A comparison of the fitting capabilities and model quality was made using the sum of square of errors (SSQE) between observed and modelled values and, Akaike information criterion (AIC) respectively. The Kosugi model was found to describe the SWRC of the tropical soil samples better than the other models, as it has the lowest SSQE and AIC values.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS ON THE POPULATION OF BEE COLONIES IN THE RYAZAN REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Е.О. ЛАРЬКИНА ◽  
Д.В. СВИЩУК ◽  
Е.П. ЛАПЫНИНА
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Bee Colonies

Проблема и цель. Целью научного исследования является изучение влияния антропогенных и биотических факторов на популяцию медоносной пчелы Рязанской области. Методология. Объект исследования: пчелиные семьи пасек разных районов Рязанской области, продукты пчеловодства. Для исследования были выбраны четыре участка пасеки, расположенные в границах Рязанской области. Опытные группы (далее ОГ) сформировали следующие участки: Кадомский район, д. Большое Лунино (54°34'58'' N, 42°21'25'' E) – ОГ №1; Захаровский район, д. Фурмакино (54°31'18'' N, 38°57'59'' E) – ОГ №2; Рыбновский район, с. Алешня (54°65'23'' N, 39°34'44'‘ E) – ОГ №3. В качестве контрольной группы (далее КГ) выбрана экспериментальная пасека Рыбновского района, с. Булыгино (54°66'58'' N, 39°26'52'' E). Пробоподготовка осуществлялась в период начала активного медосбора, путем отбора трех образцов каждого природного объекта. Образцы медоносных пчел отбирались от 5 пчелиных семей с каждого исследуемого участка, а также проводился отбор проб воды, медоносных растений и почвы. Для анализа степени пораженности заболеваниями нозематоз и варроатоз от каждой исследуемой пчелиной семьи было отобрано по 50-60 рабочих пчел. Результаты. Проведен сравнительный анализ на содержание токсичных металлов в образцахводы, почвы, теле медоносной пчелы, медоносных растений, пыльцевой обножки. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что содержание кадмия, свинца, цинка и меди в образцах воды, медоносных растений, пыльцевой обножки и теле медоносных пчел находятся в предельно допустимой концентрации. Анализ образцов почвы показал превышение допустимой концентрации во всех исследуемых районах, за исключением Кадомского. Заключение. Загрязнение тяжелыми металлами прослеживается в цепочке: почва – медоносные растения – медоносная пчела – продукты пчеловодства в образцах Захаровского р-на, д. Фурмакино. В связи с этим размещение пасек в местах с повышенным содержанием токсичных элементов в природной среде может создавать угрозу интоксикации медоносных пчел и заноса этих металлов в продукты пчеловодства. Problem and goal. The purpose of the research is to study the infuence of anthropogenic and biotic factors on the population of the honey bee of the Ryazan region. Methodology. Object of research: bee families of apiaries of diferent districts of the Ryazan region, bee products. Four apiary plots located within the boundaries of the Ryazan Region were selected for the study. The experimental groups (hereinafter referred to as OG) formed the following sections: Kadomsky district, Bolshoe Lunino village (54°34 '58" N, 42°21'25" E) – OG No. 1, Zakharovsky district, Furmakino village (54°31'18" N, 38°57'59" E) – OG No. 2, Rybnovsky district, Aleshnya village (54°65'23" N, 39°34'44" E) - OG No. 3. As a control group (hereinafter referred to as the KG), the experimental apiary of the Rybnovsky district, p. Bulygino (54°66'58" N, 39°26'52" E). Sample preparation was carried out during the beginning of the active honey collection, by selecting three samples of each natural object. Samples of honey bees were taken from 5 bee colonies from each study site, as well as water, honey plants and soil samples. To analyze the degree of infection with nosematosis and varroatosis from each studied bee family, 50-60 worker bees were selected. Results. A comparative analysis of the content of toxic metals in samples of water, soil, honeybee body, honey plants, pollen pollen was carried out. The data obtained indicate that the content of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper in the samples of water, honey plants, pollen pollen and honey bees are in the maximum permissible concentration. The analysis of soil samples showed an excess of the permissible concentration in all the studied areas, with the exception of Kadomsky. Conclusion. Heavy metal contamination can be traced in the chain: soil-honey plants – honey bee-bee products in the samples of Zakharovsky district, Furmakino village. In this regard, the placement of apiaries in places with a high content of toxic elements in the natural environment can pose a threat to the intoxication of honey bees and the introduction of these metals into beekeeping products.

scholarly journals Impact of treated sewage water on nutrient status of alfisols and vegetable crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 12255
Author(s):  
Shamsul HAQ ◽  
Ram BHAROSE ◽  
Rouf A. BHAT ◽  
Munir OZTURK ◽  
Volkan ALTAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Safe Limits ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to determine the impact on the nutrient status of soil and vegetable crops irrigated with the treated sewage water. Three samples of water and five samples of soil and five commonly grown vegetables viz. radish, carrot, spinach, cauliflower, and potato were collected from Ganjia, Arail and Dandi located in Naini, Allahabad (India). The water samples were analysed for pH, EC, and heavy metals (Pb2+, Cr3+, Cd2+ and Ni2+) concentration. Water samples from all the sites were alkaline with EC below the safe limits. The soil and plant samples from all the three sites showed that Gangia recorded the highest value of EC (dS m-1), organic carbon (OC) (%), available NPK (kg ha-1), and micronutrients concentration (Mn2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+) (mg kg-1) whereas, the lowest concentration was recorded at Dandi followed by Arail. The soil samples collected from all three sites were alkaline. The nutrient status (N, P and K) showed the highest value in potato in the three sites, whereas manganese and zinc showed the highest value in spinach and iron in carrot.  The study concludes that treated sewage water used for irrigation has a positive impact on nutrient status in soils and as well as in vegetable crops.

scholarly journals Extracellular protease-producing actinomycetes and other bacteria in cultivated soil

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Raina Niskanen ◽  
Eva Eklund
Keyword(s):  
Protease Activity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Extracellular Protease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
Cultivated Soil ◽  
Proteolytic Bacteria ◽  
Extracellular Protease Activity

The occurrence and properties of extracellular protease-producing actinomycetes and other bacteria in cultivated soil were studied. Experimental soils consisted of three mineral soil samples and one Sphagnum peat sample from a greenhouse. The mineral soil samples represented arable, pasture and uncultivated soils. From experimental soils, 240 bacterial strains were isolated, 68 strains there of were proteolytic. A greater number of proteolytic strains originated from pasture soil than from the other soils. Actinomycetes accounted for 70 % of the proteolytic strains isolated from pasture soil. Several proteolytic bacteria were isolated also from peat, but only few of them were typical actinomycetes. Many strains with high extracellular protease activity proved to be fermentative bacilli. Production of oxidase enzymes, significant in the humification processes, occurred frequently among strains isolated from pasture soil and peat. The ability to produce dark melanoid pigments was a frequently noted characteristic of the proteolytic actinomycetes.

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