The influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on losses due to Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera: Miridae), black pod disease, and mammalian pests in cocoa in Malaysia

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Khoo ◽  
C.T. Ho
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Helopeltis Theivora ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
Other Regarding

AbstractThe influence of the black cocoa ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) on losses due to the mirid Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, black pod disease (caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Peronosporales)) and mammalian pests (rats, squirrels and civet cats) was studied over a two-year period in two separate fields of cocoa. Both fields initially had high D. thoracicus activity. In each field, ant-scarce plots were created by treating these plots with insecticides; ant-abundant plots existed where the plots were left untreated. An abundance of D. thoracicus clearly had a negative effect on numbers of mirids, with respectively 380 and 2222% more nymphs and adults being recorded in the ant-scarce than in the ant-abundant plots over the two-year period. An abundance of D. thoracicus did not increase black pod incidence: on the contrary it reduced incidence of the disease in both fields. The number of rat-damaged pods in ant-scarce plots was significantly higher than in ant-abundant plots in one of the fields but no significant difference was detected in the other. Regarding number of pods lost to squirrels and civet cats, no significant difference between ant-scarce and ant-abundant plots was obtained for both fields; the losses to either of these mammalian pests were extremely low. The number of healthy ripe pods in ant-abundant plots was 40.4 and 32.1% higher than in ant-scarce plots in the two fields, these increases being ascribed to protection from H. theivora damage by D. thoracicus.

Pengaruh Luka Iris Pada Tikus Dengan Paparan Hidrogen Peroxida 3% terhadap Epitelisasi dan Pembentukan Eksudat pada Permukaan Epitel Kulit.

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
HARMAN AGUSAPUTRA ◽  
MARIA SUGENG ◽  
AYLY SOEKAMTO ◽  
ATIK WULANDARI
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delayed Wound Healing ◽  
Peroxide Group ◽  
Hemostatic Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Wound Healing Effect ◽  
Epithelial Growth

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Background:</strong> Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) as antiseptic has been used frequently to clean woundsin in hospitals and clinics. Hydrogen peroxide has the effectof strong oxidative that can kill pathogens. It can clean up debris and necrotic tissuesin wounds. Hydrogen peroxidealso has hemostatic effect that can help to stop bleeding. Besides antiseptic effects, hydrogen peroxide i s suspected of having negative effect in wound healing. Hydrogen peroxide presumably could cause delayed wound healing by exudate formation and delayed epithelial growth.</p><p><strong>Method</strong>: This study was conducted in the laboratory using 48 white mice that were divided into 2 groups. All the mice were purposely wounded. Afterwards in one group the wounds were clean up using hydrogen peroxide, while in the other group without hydrogen peroxide as control. The wounds of both groups were observed on day 1, day 3 and day 7. On day 1 and day 3, both groups did not show significant difference.</p><p><strong>R</strong><strong>esult</strong> : on day 7 showed that the wound healing in hydrogen peroxide group were delayed. Fifty percent of them had the formation of exudate and 62.5% of them showed delayed epithelial growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion </strong>: This study could show hydrogen peroxide as wound antiseptic has delayed wound healing effect.</p><p><strong>Keyword</strong>: hydrogen peroxide, wound healing</p>

Genetic diversity of native cultivated cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nicaragua

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
Erwin Aragon ◽  
Claudia Rivera ◽  
Helena Korpelainen ◽  
Aldo Rojas ◽  
Paula Elomaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

A total of 60 farmers' cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) from Nicaragua were investigated using microsatellite markers to reveal their genetic composition and to identify potentially resistant genotypes against the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora. These accessions were compared with 21 breeders' accessions maintained locally, two Criollo accessions from Costa Rica and two accessions from Ecuador. The analyses showed a low level of differentiation among groups of farmers' accessions (FST = 0.06) and that six Nicaraguan accessions were genetically closely related to the two Criollo accessions used as a reference. In addition, seven distinct genotypes were found to have allelic composition that may indicate linkage to resistance alleles, thus being potential parental lines in future breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Growth Inhibition of Cocoa Pod Rot Fungus Phytophthora palmivora byPseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis bacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakti Widyanta Pratama ◽  
Sri Sukamto ◽  
Lis Nur Asyiah ◽  
Yeni Vida Ervina
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
First Time ◽  
Important Disease

Black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivorafungus is one of the important diseases on cocoa crop. Pod rot is the most important disease because it may cause loss of cocoa pod. Until now, the fungal pathogen of cocoa black pod disease is still a crucial problem and there is no fungicide that is really effective against the disease. One alternative to control the cocoa black pod disease is by using biological agents as biofungicide, including utilizing Pseudomonas fluorescenceand Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The research was done by isolation of P. palmivora from infected pods of Kaliwining Experimental Station to obtain pure cultures of fungus and by multiplication of P. fluorescence and B. subtilis. Antagonist test was performed by inoculating P. palmivora into a petri dish in a distance of 3 cm from the edge. P. fluorescenceand B. Subtilis were inoculated into petridishes in three days after the fungal treatment. Control was inoculated with isolate of P. palmivora only. Fungal growth was measured everyday by measuring radius of fungal colonies first time 24 hours after inoculation. Growth of Phytophthora palmivora in the two treatmens were used to calculate the percentage of inhibition. The results of this study indicated that P. fluorescence and B. subtiliswere able to inhibit fungal growth of P. palmivora. Both bacterial antagonists had the same effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of P. palmivora fungus based on the percentage of inhibition and effectiveness criteria. Based on the results of translucent zones indicated that B. subtiliswas more powerfull in inhibiting growth of P. Palmivora compared to P. fluorescence. Key words: Black pod disease of cocoa, biological control, Phytophthora palmivora, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis

scholarly journals Physical activity of school children and their parents in Vojvodina

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olja Niciforovic-Surkovic ◽  
Erzebet Ac-Nikolic ◽  
Snezana Ukropina ◽  
Vesna Mijatovic-Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Made In

Introduction. Physical activity is very important for normal physical and psychic growth and development. Recent studies in developed and developing countries have shown that today's schoolchildren are spending more and more time in front of the TV and computer, and less and less are engaged in sports. Such lifestyle has a negative effect on health. That is why it is very important for children to develop active habits for life, in order to sustain and promote their health. Material and methods. The study included, a random sample of 210 children from 4 elementary schools and their parents in Vojvodina. Specially designed questionnaires were used. Results and Discussion. The obtained results showed that 75% of schoolchildren are engaged in physical activity, but only 56.5% play sports regularly (every day or 2-3 times a week). There is a significant difference between boys and girls: about 75% of boys and 35% of girls are engaged in physical activity regularly. Similar results have been obtained by other authors (O'Reilly and Shelley, Faucette, Heath etc). Common reasons for physical activity are health, fitness and fun. Pupil's attitude to sports significantly depends on their parent's opinion about physical activity and also on their attitude to recreation in their future life. Parents are not active as their children, only 40% of fathers and 30% of mothers are engaged in various activities regularly. Conclusion. This study showed that schoolchildren are engaged in physical activity, but not enough. On the other hand, their parents are very inactive, although they see the importance of it. Considering the fact that present recreational habits are correlated with the attitude to recreation in the future, an additional effort should be made in health education and health promotion in young population. .

scholarly journals Phytophthora theobromicola sp. nov.: A New Species Causing Black Pod Disease on Cacao in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Decloquement ◽  
Roberto Ramos-Sobrinho ◽  
Samuel Galvão Elias ◽  
Dahyana Santos Britto ◽  
Alina Sandra Puig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
A New Species

Black pod disease, caused by Phytophthora species, is among the main limiting factors of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production. High incidence levels of black pod disease have been reported in Brazil, being induced by Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora heveae, and Phytophthora palmivora. To assess the diversity of Phytophthora species affecting cacao in Brazil, 40 new isolates were obtained from cacao pods exhibiting symptoms of black pod disease collected in different smallholder farms in 2017. Further, ten cacao-infecting isolates morphologically identified as P. citrophthora and P. palmivora were molecularly characterized. The genomic regions beta-tubulin, elongation factor 1 alpha, heat shock protein 90, and internal transcribed spacer, and the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I and II genes were PCR-amplified and Sanger-sequenced from the cacao-infecting Phytophthora isolates. The morphological characterization and evaluation of the mycelial growth rates for the Phytophthora isolates were performed in vitro. Based on the molecular analysis and morphological comparisons, 19 isolates were identified as P. palmivora (clade 4). Interestingly, 31 isolates grouped together in the phylogenetic tree and were placed apart from previously known species in Phytophthora clade 2. Therefore, these isolates are considered as a new species herein referred to as Phytophthora theobromicola sp. nov., which produced papillate, semipapillate, and persistent sporangia on simple sporangiophores. The P. palmivora isolates were identified as A1 mating type by pairing each isolate with known A1 and A2 tester strains of P. capsici, but no oogonia/antheridia were observed when P. theobromicola was paired with the different tester strains. The P. theobromicola and P. citrophthora isolates showed higher mycelial growth rates, when compared to P. palmivora, on different media at 10, 15, and 20°C, but similar values were observed when grown on clarified CA media at 25 and 30°C. The pathogenicity tests carried out on pods of four cacao clones (CCN51, PS1319, Cepec2004, and CP49) showed significant variability among the isolates of both Phytophthora species, with P. theobromicola inducing higher rates of necrotic lesion expansion, when compared to P. palmivora. Here, two Phytophthora species were found associated with black pod disease in the state of Bahia, Brazil, and the previously undescribed P. theobromicola seems to be prevalent in field conditions. This is the first report of P. theobromicola on T. cacao. Also, these findings are crucial to improve the disease control strategies, and for the development of cacao materials genetically resistant to Phytophthora.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Formula Fungisida Nabati Minyak Cengkeh dan Serai Wangi terhadap Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Harni ◽  
Efi Taufiq ◽  
Widi Amaria
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease

<p>Penyakit utama busuk buah kakao disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora dapat menurunkan hasil 20%-30%. Pengendalian penyakit<br />dengan fungisida nabati saat ini banyak dikembangkan, dengan tujuan mengurangi dampak negatif dari fungisida sintetik. Fungisida<br />nabati yang digunakan adalah minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi karena mudah didapat dan bersifat fungisidal. Penelitian bertujuan<br />menganalisis pengaruh formula fungisida nabati minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi terhadap perkembangan penyakit busuk buah kakao<br />(BBK) yang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun petani Kabupaten Mamuju, Sulawesi Barat,<br />menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok 7 perlakuan, 4 ulangan. Setiap perlakuan diamati 20 buah kakao berukuran 8-10 cm.<br />Perlakuan yang diuji adalah 1) minyak cengkeh+serai wangi, 2) minyak cengkeh+asam salisilat, 3) minyak cengkeh+silikon, 4) serai<br />wangi+asam salisilat, 5) serai wangi+silikon, 6) fungisida sintetik sebagai pembanding, dan 7) kontrol. Larutan formula (5ml/liter)<br />disemprotkan pada buah setiap 2 minggu sekali sampai buah masak atau dipanen. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase serangan,<br />intensitas serangan, kadar senyawa fenol, dan bobot biji kakao. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula fungisida nabati<br />cengkeh dan serai wangi yang diperkaya dengan asam salisilat dan silikon dapat menekan intensitas serangan penyakit busuk buah<br />kakao sebesar 20,48%-65,62%, tidak berbeda nyata dengan fungisida sintetik (73,15%). Besarnya tingkat penekanan penyakit sejalan<br />dengan kandungan senyawa fenol pada kuit buah kakao. Semakin tinggi kadar fenol pada kulit buah, maka semakin tinggi penekanan<br />penyakit busuk buah kakao. Penggunaan formula fungisida nabati dapat menekan kehilangan produksi kakao 23,94%-43,02%.<br />Formula terbaik dan dapat dianjurkan untuk pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao adalah minyak cengkeh+serai wangi,<br />cengkeh+asam salisilat, dan serai wangi+silikon.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Kakao, Phytophthora palmivora, busuk buah kakao, fungisida nabati</p><p>Black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is a major disease on cacao crops, which can cause yield losses until 20%-30%. Disease<br />control using botanical fungicide such as the use of clove and citronella oil, which have fungicidal effect, have been developed to reduce the negative<br />impact of synthetic fungicide residues. The objectives of this study was to analyze the effect of clove and citronella oil as botanical fungicide formula<br />on the development of black pod disease and seed weight of cocoa in the field. The study was carried out at farmer’s fields in Mamuju District, West<br />Sulawesi using a randomized block design with 4 replications and 7 treatment. In each treatment was observed 20 cacao pods with size 8-10 cm. The<br />treatments were 1) clove + citronella oil, 2) clove oil + salicylic acid, 3) clove oil + silicone, 4) citronella + salicylic acid, 5) citronella + silicone,<br />6) synthetic fungicides as a comparison treatment, and 7) control. The botanical formula was applied by spraying onto the entire surface of pod with<br />a concentration of 5 ml/litre every 2 weeks. Observations were include the percentage of attacks, intensity of the attack, the levels of phenolic<br />compounds, and seed weight of cacao. The results showed that the formula of botanical fungicide containing clove and citronella oil enriched with<br />salicylic acid and silicon can suppress disease attack of black pod (20.48%-65.62%), which was not significantly different from synthetic fungicide<br />(73.15%). The level of disease suppression in line with phenolic compounds of cocoa husk. In which, high phenolic contents can reduce black pod<br />disease at a higher level . The use of botanical fungicides formula can suppress the yield loss until 23.94% to 43.02%. The best formulas that can<br />be recommended in suppressing intensity of black pod disease were clove oil + citronella, clove oil + salicylic acid, and citronella + silicon.</p>

scholarly journals ​Control Activity and Antibiotic Gene Detection of Endophytic Bacteria in Suppressing Cocoa Black Pod Disease (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rian Arini ◽  
Gusti Ayu Kade Sutariati ◽  
Andi Khaeruni ◽  
Teguh Wijayanto ◽  
Novita Pramahsari Putri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Antibiotic Biosynthesis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
Rot Disease

Background: Black pod rot disease of cocoa caused by (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) is one of the major diseases on cocoa plantations worldwide. Many attempts have been made to prevent or reduce the infection of pathogens, but they have not provided optimum results. This study aims to detect antibiotic genes in endophytic bacteria that can suppress cocoa black pod disease. Methods: Eight endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy cocoa pods and twigs that showed potentials in suppressing P. palmivora growth in vitro were used in suppressing of black pod rot disease in vivo tests. Antibiotic biosynthesis-related genes from eight endophytic bacterial isolates were confirmed by using PCR method, which includes phenazine-1-carboxylic (PCA), pyrrolnitrin (PRN), phenazine-1-carboxamide acid (PCN), pyoluteorin (PLT) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DPAG/Phl). Result: The endophytic bacteria, 4RSI, 5BR B3 and 2RW B2 isolates showed the highest disease suppressing index to black pod rot disease in vivo, i.e., 70.27%, 70.08% and 56.64%. The isolates 5BR B3 and 2RW B2 DNA yielded PCR product by using PCA primers (1400 bp), PRN primers (700 bp) and DAPG primers (1600 bp), while the 5RSI isolate yield PCR product using PRN primers only. Endophytic bacterial isolates 5BRB3 and 2RW B2 provided partial disease suppression to pod rot disease by inhibit pathogen growth and antibiotic compounds production.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document