Reciprocal crosses between two populations ofTrissolcus vassilievi(Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) reveal maternal effects on thermal phenotypes

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363
Author(s):  
S. Iranipour ◽  
P. BenaMolaei ◽  
S. Asgari ◽  
J.P. Michaud
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Sunn Pest ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractThe egg parasitoidTrissolcus vassilievi(Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is a significant natural enemy of the sunn pest,Eurygaster integricepsPuton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), the most important pest of wheat in Iran. This study examined the developmental time and egg-to-adult survival of two geographically separate populations ofT. vassilievion two corresponding host populations at five constant temperatures ranging from 15.0 to 35.0±1°C. No wasps of either population emerged at 15.0°C and the temperature threshold for development was similar between populations, ranging from 13.1±0.3 to 13.8±0.4°C for males and 12.2±0.1 to 12.6±0.1°C for females, but the thermal constant varied with gender and parasitoid population. Development of wasps from the colder Tabriz location was slower, with thermal constants for males and females of 172.6±3.1 and 204.1±1.2 degree-days, respectively, compared to Varamin wasps with 164.7±3.0 and 195.6±1.3 degree-days, respectively. Based on genetic inheritance patterns, reciprocal crosses between the two populations were expected to result in females with thermal phenotypes intermediate to their parental populations, and males that resembled their mothers. However, female progeny of crosses more closely resembled their maternal population, indicating a maternal effect on thermal phenotype. Furthermore, the magnitude of the maternal effect on the thermal constant was asymmetric and was more strongly expressed by Varmin than Tabriz females. These results suggest the possibility of using selective crosses between wasp populations, in combination with artificial selection in the laboratory, to tune the thermal phenotype of parasitoids to specific regions prior to augmentative releases.

Temperature-dependent development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Farazmand ◽  
Masood Amir-maafi ◽  
Remzi Atlihan
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Amblyseius Swirskii ◽  
Wide Range

In this study, developmental time of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot feeding on immature stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch was evaluated at eight constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 35, and 37.5 °C) providing 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16 L: 8 D. Duration of the egg to adult developmental time decreased sharply with increasing temperature, except at 37.5°C. To describe the developmental rate of A. swirskii as a function of temperature, one linear and 9 nonlinear models (Logan-6, Logan-10, Lactin-1, Lactin-2, Briere-1, Briere-2, Analytis-3, Polynomial, and Equation-16) were fitted. The lower temperature threshold (T0) and the thermal constant (K) were estimated by the linear model for the total immature stage as 7.90 °C and 140.85 DD, respectively. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and R2adj, Polynomial, Analytis-3, Analytis-3, Logan-10 and Briere-2 were the best models for eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs and total immature stages of A. swirskii, respectively. Our findings showed that development and predation of A. swirskii occurs in a wide range of temperatures. Therefore, this predatory mite could be applied in control of T. urticae in different weather conditions.

scholarly journals Determination of thermal constant and development threshold of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua Walker

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Selvaraj ◽  
B. S. Gotyal ◽  
V. Ramesh Babu ◽  
S. Satpathy
Keyword(s):  
Development Rate ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Small Larva ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Large Larva ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Spilarctia Obliqua

Effect of six constant temperatures viz., 18±1, 21±1, 24±1, 27±1, 30±1 and 33±10C was studied on the egg hatchability, larval pupal development and adult survival of Spilarctia obliqua. Development rate of egg, larva and pupa gradually increased with increase in temperature, while total developmental period decreased. Mean developmental period of the pest decreased from 93.73 days at 18±10C to 31.20 at 33±10C. The lowest and the highest temperatures at which no development took place were found to be 12±10C and 39±10C, respectively. Regression equations between development rate and temperature were found to be Y= 0.0189 X -0.1998 (R2=0.88) for egg, Y=0.00122 X -0.0248 (R2=0.84) for small larva (1-3rd instar), Y=0.0058 X -0.0675 (R2=0.76) for large larva (4-6th instar), Y=0.0074 X-0.1075 (R2=0.94) for pupa and Y=0.0142 X-0.4363 (R2=0.79) for adults. Developmental threshold were determined to be 10.57, 11.27, 11.55, 15.28 and 10.92oC for egg, small larva, large larva, pupa, and adult respectively with corresponding thermal constant being 52.91, 344.82, 243.90, 142.85 and 70.42 degree days (DD). Thermal constant to complete a generation was found to be 854.90 DD. This was the first studies on this aspects, these estimated thermal thresholds and degree days could be used to predict the S. obliqua activity in the field for their effective management through pest forecasting.

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON DIAPAUSE OF TWO APHEL1NUS SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) PARASITIZING THE RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Maximum Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Aphelinus Varipes

AbstractThe effects of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of Aphelinus varipes (Focrster) from Kazakhstan and Apheiinus near varipes from Alberta, which both attack Russian wheat aphid, were studied in the laboratory. At 20 °C, 50% of A. varipes entered diapause when the photoperiod was between 12.5L:11.5D and 13L:11D whereas 50% of A. nr. varipes entered diapause when the photoperiod was around 14L:10D. Diapause induction was close to 100% at 11.5L:12.5D for both species. Maximum sensitivity to photoperiod occurred 2 days alter parasitization for A. varipes and 3 days after parasitization for A. nr. varipes. At 30 °C, the proportion of wasps entering diapause was reduced to 40 and 72% for A. varipes and A. nr. varipes, respectively. Exposing diapausing mummies to temperatures from 10 to −10 °C for 4–20 weeks shortened the postdiapause developmental time. Survival was lowered by exposing mummies to −10 °C for over 8 weeks. Postdiapause developmental rate was directly temperature dependent. The lower threshold and thermal constant for postdiapause development were estimated to be 10.3 °C and 189 degree-days (DD) for A. varipes and 7.41 °C and 204 DD for A. nr. varipes.

scholarly journals GROWTH THRESHOLD AND DEGREE DAYS REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF CITRUS MEALYBUG Planococcus citri (Risso), HEMIPTERA : PSEUDOCOCCIDAE

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Shammari & Al-Zubaidy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Citrus Mealybug ◽  
Mealy Bug ◽  
The Impact

Laboratory studies was conducted in Biocontrol unit- Faculty of Agriculture- University of Baghdad in order to determine the impact of different temperatures  15,  20,  25, 30 and 35 ±2 C°  on the development and growth rate of  different stages of mealy bug P.citri. The results showed that the total developmental time from (egg - adult)of the mealy bug were  24.0, 28.08, 39.67 and 73.31 days  respectively. With significant rearing differences on temperatures 15, 20, 25 and 30 ±2  C°  respectively, while no development and growth rate on temperature  35±C°. the developmental threshold for the mealy bug stages  eggs,  crawlers, 2nd  and 3rd nymphal instars as well as the duration of the egg to adult were different, being 7.1, 7.26, 7.08, 7.12 and 7.15C° respectively, while 116.27, 136.98 and 172.4 thermal units for  degree days required for growth and development while the thermal constant for the period from egg to adult was 526.31. Optimum temperature was 27.85C ͦ  while Upper threshold was 33.64 C° for P.citri  Which refers to the lack of suitable high temperature for growth and development .

Effect of temperature on life table parameters of Phytoseius plumifer (Phytoseiidae) fed on Eotetranychus hirsti (Tetranychidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jahanshir Shakarami ◽  
Fereshteh Bazgir
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Phytoseius Plumifer ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Eotetranychus hirsti Pritchard & Baker (Tetranychidae) is one of the important pests of fig trees that is widely distributed in fig orchards of Iran. The predatory mite Phytoseius plumifer Canestrini & Fanzago is a phytoseiid mite on fig that can feed and reproduce on E. hirsti. The effect of four constant temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35°C) on demographic parameters of P. plumifer fed on nymphal stages of E. hirstiwas determined under laboratory conditions at 50 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). The total developmental time of immature stages of this predator decreased with increasing temperature from 20°C to 35°C, and varied from 17.13±0.23 to 6.55±0.19 days for females. The lower temperature threshold (Tmin) and thermal constant (K) for the total immature stages of this predator was estimated 10.33˚C and 166.67 degree-days by the ordinary linear model, 11.17˚C and 147.87 degree-days by the Ikemoto linear model, respectively. Female longevity was 67.79, 47.00, 35.11, and 27.42 days at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C, respectively. The highest values of total fecundity and daily fecundity were obtained at 25˚C (35.71±1.73 eggs) and 30˚C (1.57±0.02 eggs), respectively. The value of the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) increased as increasing temperature from 20°C (0.064±0.0012 day−1) to 30°C (0.180±0.0023 day−1), and then decreased at 35°C (0.153±0.0037 day−1). The highest and lowest values of the mean generation time (T) were 32.75±0.95 and 14.18±0.51 days, which were obtained at 20°C and 35°C, respectively. The results of this study revealed that of P. plumifer is effective predator of the fig spider mite and develops effectively at a broad range of temperatures.

scholarly journals GROWTH THRESHOLD AND DEGREE DAYS REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF CITRUS MEALYBUG Planococcus citri (Risso), HEMIPTERA : PSEUDOCOCCIDAE

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Shammari & Al-Zubaidy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Citrus Mealybug ◽  
Mealy Bug ◽  
The Impact

Laboratory studies was conducted in Biocontrol unit- Faculty of Agriculture- University of Baghdad in order to determine the impact of different temperatures  15,  20,  25, 30 and 35 ±2 C°  on the development and growth rate of  different stages of mealy bug P.citri. The results showed that the total developmental time from (egg - adult)of the mealy bug were  24.0, 28.08, 39.67 and 73.31 days  respectively. With significant rearing differences on temperatures 15, 20, 25 and 30 ±2  C°  respectively, while no development and growth rate on temperature  35±C°. the developmental threshold for the mealy bug stages  eggs,  crawlers, 2nd  and 3rd nymphal instars as well as the duration of the egg to adult were different, being 7.1, 7.26, 7.08, 7.12 and 7.15C° respectively, while 116.27, 136.98 and 172.4 thermal units for  degree days required for growth and development while the thermal constant for the period from egg to adult was 526.31. Optimum temperature was 27.85C ͦ  while Upper threshold was 33.64 C° for P.citri  Which refers to the lack of suitable high temperature for growth and development .

Low Temperature Effects on Development, Mortality, Fecundity, and Viability of the Ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)1

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-403
Author(s):  
S. M. Greenberg ◽  
J. A. Morales-Ramos ◽  
E. G. King
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
The Mean ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Catolaccus Grandis ◽  
Preovipositional Period

The low temperature threshold for development of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) was 12°C for eggs, 11.5°C for larvae, and 9.5°C for pupae. The developmental time for male or female parasitoids increased by 4.6 to 5.3 times and the preovipositional period of females increased from 2.2 to 9.3 days when the temperature was reduced from 30°C to 15°C. The number of degree-days to complete development was 225.6 for females and 197.2 for males. The mean duration of emergence for C. grandis ranged from 2.6 days at 27°C - 30°C to 5.7 days at 20°C. Reduction of the temperature from 25°C to 15°C increased the death rate of C. grandis 2.3 times and reduced emergence of parasitoid females by 77.8%. The percentage of emergence of females from pupae with the black thorax-yellow abdomen held at temperatures lower than 15°C for 20 days or more and pupae with yellow color held at 5°C for 10 or more days decreased significantly compared with females from pupae held at 25°C. Storage of pupae at 20°C or lower resulted in adult females with reduced fecundity. However, the sex ratio of the progeny was not significantly affected.

The effect of temperature on rates of development of larval Protostrongylus spp. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) from bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis canadensis, in the snail Vallonia pulchella

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1445-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Samson ◽  
J. C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Stage Development

The rate of development of Protostrongylus stilesi and (or) Protostrongylus rushi in the intermediate host Vallonia pulchella was related linearly to temperature between 10 and 30 °C. The temperature threshold was 8 °C and the thermal constant was 305 degree-days. Infected snails kept at 10 °C for several days and then transferred to 25 °C produced third-stage larvae faster than expected. Rates of development of Protostrongylus spp. applied to field conditions indicated that most of the first- to third-stage development occurs during the summer, very slow development takes place in the autumn or the spring, and none occurs over the winter. These data reinforce the hypothesis formulated by D. A. Boag and W. D. Wishart that snails on the bighorn sheep wintering grounds are responsible for transmission of the lungworms to sheep in autumn.

Biological traits of the predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus, a candidate biocontrol agent for the Neotropical region

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Meritxell Pérez-Hedo ◽  
Carolina Gallego ◽  
Amy Roda ◽  
Barry Kostyk ◽  
Mónica Triana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Predatory Mirid

Abstract The predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus is widely distributed throughout the Americas, and is reported to prey upon several horticultural pest species. However, little is known about its biology, thermal requirements, crop odour preferences, phytophagy, and capability to induce defensive responses in plants. When five temperatures studied (20, 25, 30, 33 and 35°C) were tested and Ephestia kuehniella was used as prey, the developmental time from egg to adult on tomato, was longest at 20°C (56.3 d) and shortest at 33°C (22.7 d). The ability of nymphs to develop to adults decreased as the temperature increased, with the highest number of nymphs reaching the adult stage at 20°C (78.0%) and lowest at 35°C (0%). The lower and upper developmental thresholds were estimated at 11.2° and 35.3°C, respectively. The maximum developmental rate occurred at 31.7°C and the thermal constant was 454.0 ± 8.1 degree days. The highest predation rate of E. kuehniella eggs was obtained at 30°C. In Y-tube olfactory choice tests, M. praeclarus selected tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant odours more frequently than no plant control treatment. Macrolophus praeclarus feeding did not damage tomato plants compared to another zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis, which caused necrotic rings. The phytophagy of M. praeclarus induced defensive responses in tomato plants through the upregulation of the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway. The implications of the findings for using M. praeclarus in tomato biological control programmes in the Americas are discussed.

scholarly journals Thermal requirements and estimated number of generations of Neopamera bilobata (Say) in strawberry-producing regions of Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taciana Melissa de Azevedo Kuhn ◽  
Alci Enimar Loeck ◽  
Marcos Botton
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Thermal Threshold ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Developmental Thresholds ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT: The thermal threshold and thermal requirements of Neopamera bilobata were determined, and the number of generations that this species may produce in the main strawberry-producing regions of Brazil was estimated. In a climate chamber (70±10% RH and 12h photophase) at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, or 30±1°C, the development of 120 eggs was monitored until the adult stage, at each temperature. Nymphs were maintained in individual cages and fed on strawberry fruits of the cultivar Aromas. The mean duration and viability of the egg and nymph stages were calculated by estimating the lower and upper developmental thresholds and the thermal constant, and this information was used to estimate the number of generations per year in different strawberry-producing regions of Brazil. The egg-to-adult duration decreased as temperatures increased, up to 28°C (93.4, 83.2, 43.9, and 31.4 days at 19, 22, 25, and 28°C, respectively). Viability of nymphs was highest between 22 and 28°C. At 30°C, the egg-to-adult duration increased (36 days), while the viability decreased (11.11%). The lower egg-to-adult developmental threshold was 15.2°C and the thermal constant was 418.4 degree-days. Calculating the number of generations indicated that the largest number (5.1 generations yr-1) was obtained for the municipality of Jaboti, Paraná, and the smallest for Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul (1.9 generations yr-1). Our findings demonstrated that important strawberry-producing regions in Brazil are suitable for the development of N. bilobata.

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