YIELD RESPONSE TO APPLIED NUTRIENTS AND ESTIMATES OF N2 FIXATION IN 33-YEAR-OLD SOYBEAN–WHEAT EXPERIMENT ON A VERTISOL

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUNESHWAR SINGH ◽  
R. H. WANJARI ◽  
ANIL DWIVEDI ◽  
RAM DALAL
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Biomass N

SUMMARYSoybean–wheat systems are the major grain production systems on vertisols in Madhya Pradesh, India. A study on yield response to nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) and estimation of N2 fixation by soybean under different nutrient combinations was studied in a 33-year-old, long-term experiment on soybean–wheat–maize system. For estimation of N2 fixation, annual input–output N balance technique was used. The experiment was initiated in June 1972, comprising eight treatments, viz. control (no fertiliser and no manure), 100% N, 100% NP, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + 15 t farmyard manure (FYM), 100% NPK + Zn and 100% NPK – S with four replications arranged in a randomised block design. The amount of N applied (100%) to each crop of soybean, wheat and maize was 20, 120 and 80 kg ha−1, P (100%) 35, 35 and 26 kg ha−1 and K (100%) 16, 32 and 16 kg ha−1, respectively. FYM was applied one week before the onset of monsoons. Both soybean and wheat yields responded to applied N and P during all these years. The yield response to K was observed after 10 years. The estimated amount of N2 fixed by soybean annually varied from 62.8 to 161.1 kg ha−1; however, the net gain of N in soil after offsetting the N derived by soybean from soil varied from 24.2 to 66.5 kg ha−1 annually. Maximum N gain was recorded on application of P. There was a linear relationship between the amount of harvestable biomass N and residual biomass N, whereas quantity of N added to soil has a curvilinear relationship with the harvestable biomass N. The highest percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) was recorded in the control treatment, but the highest amount of N2 fixed was found in the 100% NPK treatment. Balanced use of nutrient is the best option to harness the N2 fixation potential of soybean.

scholarly journals Effect of Farmyard Manure, Lime and Inorganic Fertilizer Applications on Soil pH, Nutrients Uptake, Growth and Nodulation of Soybean in Acid Soils of Western Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillary M. O. Otieno ◽  
George N. Chemining’wa ◽  
Shamie Zingore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Western Kenya

Soybean is an important crop with nutrition, economic and soil fertility improvement benefits to farmers. However, its production in western Kenya is partly constrained by low soil pH and soil fertility levels. A greenhouse pot study was conducted to evaluate the effects of inorganic fertilizers, farmyard manure and lime application on soil pH, nutrient uptake, growth and nodulation of soybean grown in acidic soils from western Kenya. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments: control; NPK; manure; lime; manure+lime; NPK+manure; NPK+lime and manure+lime+NPK. Significant effects of inorganic fertilizers, manure and lime applications were observed on all the variables. Manure, lime and manure+lime treatments increased soil pH by 1.33, 2.19 and 2.28, respectively, above the control treatment. The shoot N was lower under control (1.71-1.81%), NPK (1.85-1.98%) and manure (2.00-2.11%) than under all other treatments. Treatments NPK+lime and manure+lime+NPK recorded higher uptake of P and K nutrients than all other treatments. The control and NPK treatments recorded shorter plants and low leaf area and above-ground biomass compared to other treatments. The NPK+lime and manure+lime+NPK treatments recorded higher plant height and aboveground biomass than other treatments. Lime+manure treatment recorded highest nodule numbers and dry weights per plant. Positive relationships were observed between pH and N, P and K nutrient uptake (R2 ranged between 0.30 and 0.77) and between biomass and N, P and K nutrient uptake (R2 ranged between 0.68 and 0.99). From this study, use of manure and lime could result in improved soil pH for better uptake of nutrients, nodule formation and productivity of soybean in Western Kenya.

scholarly journals Physiological Characteristics of Trees Recommended for the Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Herbicides

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. AGUIAR ◽  
J.B. SANTOS ◽  
E.A. FERREIRA ◽  
C.M. CABRAL ◽  
I.M. PEREIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Lower Variation

ABSTRACT: Herbicides are inputs with a high volume of use in agricultural production systems for weed management; however, the environmental contamination they cause is a reality. The objective of this research was to evaluate the tolerance of tree species used for the phytoremediation of herbicides in the soil, to atrazine, clomazone and 2,4-D, through the evaluation of photosynthetic indices. Thus, a randomized block design experiment was conducted with four replications, in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement, where the first factor represented the herbicides atrazine, clomazone and 2,4-D and the control treatment without herbicide (water). The second factor consisted in the use of pre-selected tree species for the phytoremediation of soils with residues of the products [Eremanthus crotonoides DC. (candeia), - Richeria grandis Vahl (richeria), Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl) Marchand, (breu-branco) Kielmeyera latrophyton Saddi, Kew Bull, (pau-santo) Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (guanandi)]. The herbicides were applied through dishes placed under the culture containers of the plants, when they presented eight months of development. After 15 days from the herbicide application, the visual intoxication, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), CO2 concentration in the substomatal chamber (Ci), and water use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated. The herbicides affected differently the physiological characteristics of the tree species; atrazine was the most harmful product. Individuals under the effect of 2,4-D and clomazone presented lower variation for their physiological characteristics, compared to the respective control treatments. Breu-branco, despite showing low visual intoxication provided by the herbicides, was the most affected species by the products. On the other hand, candeia was the most tolerant species to the action of the herbicides.

Growth and yield response of Broccoli to vermicompost and farmyard manure

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 2107-2113
Author(s):  
H. E. Rabbee ◽  
N. J. Methela ◽  
B. Hossain ◽  
M. R. I. Suhel
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Treated Plant ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The present experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research field, Noakahali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh during the period from September 2018 to February 2019 to find out the effects of Vermicompost and Farmyard manure growth and yield of Broccoli. The single factor experiment was carried out by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Three treatments viz., T0= Control, T1= Vermicompost and T2= Farm Yard Manure as well as Centeuro variety were used. Data were recorded from different stages of plant growth on plant height at different days after transplanting, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf diameter, plant spread, 50% curd initiation days, 50% curd maturation days, curd diameter, Marketable curd weight, Net curd weight and Yield/plot. All the recorded parameters were statistically significant among the treatments. The tallest plant (43.67cm) can be recorded from T1 (vermicompost) whereas lower plant height (38.10cm) was notified from control (T0). The maximum number of leaves (16.03) recorded from vermicompost treated plant where minimum from control (T0; 13.28). Highest leaf length (40.67cm), leaf diameter (16.22cm), plant spread (47.91cmü), early curd initiation (73.22 days), early curd maturation (89.72 days), curd diameter (16.16cm), marketable curd weight (452.67g), net curd weight (361.43g) and yield/plot (3.94kg) was found from vermicompost treated plant is compared with Farmyard manure whereas lowest data recorded from control. Observing the results it can be stated that using of vermicompost treated plants gave better growth and yield contributing characters of Broccoli in contemporary with other treatments.

scholarly journals COCOA AND TOTAL SYSTEM YIELDS OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL AGROFORESTRY VS. MONOCULTURE SYSTEMS IN A LONG-TERM FIELD TRIAL IN BOLIVIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SCHNEIDER ◽  
C. ANDRES ◽  
G. TRUJILLO ◽  
F. ALCON ◽  
P. AMURRIO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Total System ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
Term Field

SUMMARYCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is produced in systems of varying complexity ranging from monoculture with temporary shade to highly diverse agroforests. Producers have to weigh high cocoa yields in the short to medium term in monocultures against higher total system yields in the short term and sustainable production systems in the long term in conjunction with ecosystem services in agroforestry systems (AFs). More long-term data on the comparative agronomic, economic and ecological performance of differently managed cocoa production systems is required to make sound recommendations to farmers. This paper describes the only long-term field trial worldwide comparing different cocoa production systems under conventional and organic management. The factors (i) crop diversity (monoculture vs. agroforestry), (ii) management practice (conventional vs. organic) and (iii) cultivar are being tested in a full-factorial, randomized complete block design with four replications. First, results showed significantly faster development of trunk circumferences in monocultures (+21%) compared to AFs. Cocoa yields were 47% lower in the organic compared to the conventional monoculture. In the AFs, however, the organic–conventional yield gap was less pronounced (−16%) and statistically insignificant. The cumulative yields of all products harvested were significantly higher in the AFs (+161%) compared to the monocultures. The productivity of cocoa by-crops in AFs may contribute to local food security and risk distribution in smallholder contexts.

scholarly journals Impact of organic and mineral fertilising on aluminium mobility and extractability in two temperate Cambisols

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Balík ◽  
Martin Kulhánek ◽  
Jindřich Černý ◽  
Ondřej Sedlář ◽  
Pavel Suran
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Aluminium Content ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Positive Correlations

Different fertilisation systems cause changes in the content of mobile aluminium (Al) forms in the soil as a result of soil pH changes. Long-term stationary fertilisation experiments established in 1996 at 2 sites were evaluated. Experiments consisted of unfertilised control treatment and 6 other treatments, combining mineral fertilisation with the application of farmyard manure, sewage sludge and straw. To record the changes in mobile Al forms, we used 5 extraction procedures with agents: water, CaCl<sub>2</sub>, KCl, CaCl<sub>2</sub>/DTPA (CAT) and Mehlich 3 solutions. At treatment nitrogen (N) + straw, topsoil acidification was observed, resulting in the increased content of mobile Al. At treatments with mineral fertilisation (N, NPK), increased content of mobile forms of Al was recorded. Application of cattle manure and sewage sludge helped to stabilise the soil pH and reduce mobile Al forms. The close correlation between the methods determining the exchangeable Al (CaCl<sub>2</sub> and KCl solutions) was observed; however, KCl extraction was more favourable in soils of low Al extractability, as the amount of extracted Al was 3–4 times higher. Positive correlations were determined between Al extracted by Mehlich 3 solution and the content of exchangeable Al. The less frequently used CAT method also turned out to be perspective for mobile Al determination. Furthermore, aluminium content determined in Mehlich 3 extract was compared with mobile phosphorus amounts in H<sub>2</sub>O, CAT and Mehlich 3, respectively. All three investigated phosphorus forms showed significantly negative correlations with Al.  

Long-term comparison of rock phosphate with superphosphate on crop yield in two cereal-legume rotations

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Choudhary ◽  
L. D. Bailey ◽  
T. R. Peck ◽  
L. E. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
N Application ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Glycine Max L

Monocropping and long-term use of highly water soluble commercial fertilizers may reduce crop yields and contaminate surface and ground water. A long-term experiment compared the effectiveness of rock phosphate (RP) with superphosphate (SP) on crop yields, soil tests, and leaf nutrient concentrations in two rotations with or without addition of N or lime in a strip-block design with phosphate as vertical factor and N or lime as horizontal factor applied over P treatments. Crops in rotation A (1952–1967) included oats (Avena sativa L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.) 1st yr and corn 2nd yr while crops in rotation B (1968–1983) included corn and soybean (Glycine max L.). Phosphate application as single source, RP and SP in combination, and RP with elemental sulphur ranged from 0 to 40 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In rotation A, RP was applied once every 8 yr at eight times the annual rate; in rotation B it was applied at half the annual rate of rotation A. The SP was applied annually in both rotations. In both rotations, P treatments significantly increased crop yields. In rotation A, crop yields on RP treatments were similar to those on corresponding SP treatments except for oats. Similarly, yields of crops grown with RP alone were similar to those obtained with a mixture of RP with SP or S. But corn grown after alfalfa did not respond to N application nor did crop yields respond to lime application. In rotation B, at low lime, corn and soybean yields were similar on RP treatments to those on corresponding SP treatments, but at high lime, yields were significantly lower with RP than corresponding SP treatments. Further, crop yields on mixture of RP and SP were similar to yields with RP alone, and the RP and S combination produced lower soybean yields and similar corn yields than RP alone. In this long-term cropping sequence study, on acidic soil RP was equally as effective as SP in supplying P to crops. Key words: Rock phosphate, superphosphate, legumes, lime, nitrogen

scholarly journals The impact of climatic factors on the relative chlorophyll content and yield of a maize hybrid in a long-term experiment

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Éva Horváth ◽  
Péter Fejér ◽  
Adrienn Széles
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relative Chlorophyll Content

The impact of the climatic factors of crop year on the relative chlorophyll content of maize was examined for three years. The examinations were carried out on the Látókép Experiment Site of the University of Debrecen on calcareous chernozem soil in a small-plot, non-irrigated long-term field experiment with strip plot design. In addition to a non-fertilised (control) treatment, nitrogen (N) fertiliser doses were applied as base and top dressing. The 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 base dressing doses were followed by two top dressing doses at the V6 and V12 phenophases. Averaged over the different fertiliser treatments, SPAD readings increased in all three years as the growing season progressed. The highes SPAD value increase was observed in the average crop year (2017) at the V12 phenophase (11.8), which further increased at the R1 phenophas, by 3,7. No significant Spad value difference was observed between the average (2017) and the dry year (2018) at the V6 growth phase. However, in the wet crop year (2016), the V690 treatment provided the statistically highest relative chlorophyll content (46.8). At the V12 phenophase, the base dressing dose of 120 kg N ha-1+30 kg N ha-1 (V6150) showed to be successful in two years (2016 and 2018), while in 2017, the base dressing dose of A60 was successful. The impact of crop year on relative chlorophyll content can be clearly shown at the R1 growth stage. In all three years, the significantly highest relative chlorophyll content could be achieved at different nutrient levels: A60 in 2016, V6150 in 2017 and V690. In a wet year (2016), higher yield could be achieved as a result of the 60 kg N ha-1 base dressing and 30 kg N ha-1 at the V6 growth stage (V690) as top dressing in comparison with 2017 and 2018, when higher fertiliser dose (120 kg N ha-1 base dressing and 30 kg N ha-1top dressing at the V6 growth stage) was needed to achieve a significant yield surplus. Altogether, averaged over the different treatments, the highest yield (12.48 t ha-1) was observed in the wet year, when the relative chlorophyll content was also the highest (50.6).

scholarly journals Examination of the impact of ecological and agrotechnical factors in a maize fertilisation experiment

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Zsófia Becze
Keyword(s):  
Yield Response ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Water Release ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Impact

The year 2013 was rather extreme breeding year because of the uneven distribution of precipitaion and the summer heat. The experiment was set on with eight different genetic characteristics maize hybrids in 2013. In our study were included different kind of breeding season hybrids. We studied the effect of NKP fertilization and row spacing on the yield. The fertilizer doses are based on 25-year long-term experiment. Compared to control, the N40+PK treatment has also achieved a significant yield increase, although some hybrid of increasing fertilizer doses yield response to loss. The majority of hybrids reached higher yields using the 50 cm row spacing. The water release of hybrids was measured between 21th August and 17th September weekly, at the same time points. The rainy September slowed ripening hybrids and water release, so the grain wet content at harvest showed higher values.

scholarly journals Growth and yield response of sesame (sesamum indicum L.) variety s-9 under foliar nitrogen doses at different application times

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Seed Index

Present study was carried out to determine the yield and growth of sesame (sesamum indicum L.) variety S-9 under foliar nitrogen doses at different application times at Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The experiment had been placed in a Randomized Complete Block Design with net plot size (6m2 ) with three replication. The sesame variety S-9 was used and checked under various foliar nitrogen doses at different application time treatments i.e. T1= N @ 00 kg ha-1 (control), T2= N @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (30 DAS), T3= N @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (45 DAS), T4= N @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (60 DAS), T5= N @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (30 DAS), T6= N @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (45 DAS), T7= N @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (60 DAS), T8= N @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (30 DAS), T9= N @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (45 DAS), T10= N @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (60 DAS). The results revealed that maximum values for sesame traits under study were i.e. Plant height (122.38 cm), Branches plant-1 (34.45), Capsules plant-1 (194.60), capsule length (2.65 cm), Seeds capsules-1 (56.3), Seed wt plant-1 (76.31 g), Seed index (5.69, 1000 seed wt g), Seed yield (1233.3 kg ha-1), Harvest index (11.12%), were recorded under treatment T10= N @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (60 DAS), whereas; minimum values for various sesame traits i.e. Plant height (80.57 cm), Branches plant-1 (15.47), Capsules plant-1 (130.31), Capsules length (1.30 cm), Seeds capsules-1 (30.5), Seed wt plant-1 (50.57 g), Seed index (3.34, 1000 seed wt g), Seed yield (711.7 kg ha-1), Harvest index (6.23%), in control treatment where no foliar nitrogen doses was applied. It was concluded that growth and yield increased at T10= N @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (60 DAS) and thus recommended for better performance and yield of sesame crop. Key words: sesame, Yield, foliar, nitrogen, Application

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