Philosophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
Jenny Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Philosophical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Thinking

David Conan Wolfsdorf has done a great service in putting together the thirty chapters (only a handful by women) that make up the new collection Early Greek Ethics. As he notes, ethical thinking prior to Socrates has generally been neglected or, in some cases, simply denied. Wolfsdorf's classification of ‘early’ as the ‘formative period’ (late sixth to early fourth centuries bce) prior to Plato's and Aristotle's major ethical works allows him to bring together a rich and diverse group of individuals and topics. He himself acknowledges that different people will feel different kinds of lack within the collection, but he is explicit that its aim is to be ‘quite’, rather than entirely, comprehensive. He is also clear that his aim is to focus on Greek ‘philosophical ethics’ (as he understands it) rather than the sort of significant ethical thinking we might think can be found in Greek tragedy, for example.

Isidore of Seville's Taxonomy of Magicians and Diviners

Traditio ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 59-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Klingshirn
Keyword(s):  
Diverse Group ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Wide Range

In Etymologies 8.9, Isidore presents a detailed classification of the diverse group of ritual experts he calls magi. Well organized, erudite, flexible enough to include a wide range of specialists, and, as its record of influence demonstrates, enormously useful as a template for later medieval classifications, the “De Magis” offers what can rightly be called the first definitive western Christian taxonomy of unauthorized practitioners. Although Isidore relied heavily on a wide range of pagan and Christian sources for the contents of the chapter, their selection, revision, and arrangement—the elements of his taxonomy—were all his own.

scholarly journals Cell-based therapy technology classifications and translational challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1680) ◽  
pp. 20150017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie M. Mount ◽  
Stephen J. Ward ◽  
Panos Kefalas ◽  
Johan Hyllner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Patient Access ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Technology Area

Cell therapies offer the promise of treating and altering the course of diseases which cannot be addressed adequately by existing pharmaceuticals. Cell therapies are a diverse group across cell types and therapeutic indications and have been an active area of research for many years but are now strongly emerging through translation and towards successful commercial development and patient access. In this article, we present a description of a classification of cell therapies on the basis of their underlying technologies rather than the more commonly used classification by cell type because the regulatory path and manufacturing solutions are often similar within a technology area due to the nature of the methods used. We analyse the progress of new cell therapies towards clinical translation, examine how they are addressing the clinical, regulatory, manufacturing and reimbursement requirements, describe some of the remaining challenges and provide perspectives on how the field may progress for the future.

Maxillolabial complex in scelionids (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): morphology and phylogenetic implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Alin Popovici ◽  
Lars Vilhelmsen ◽  
Lubomir Masner ◽  
István Mikó ◽  
Norman Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Current Classification

The Platygastroidea is a highly diverse group of small to minute parasitoid wasps. Despite the reduced size, the morphology of the maxillolabial complex of scelionids is very diverse and phylogenetically informative. 81 characters are scored for 129 genera (representing 75% of the total number of known extant genera of scelionids), as well as for seven outgroup taxa. All taxa examined are illustrated with images, SEM micrographs and/or line drawings. Phylogenetic trees resulting from analyses conducted in TNT under various settings were not fully resolved, but some relationships were repeatedly retrieved. The Platygastroidea are usually corroborated. Nixoniini, Sparasionini, Plaumannion and Huddlestonium are frequently retrieved as the most basal platygastroid lineages. Psix and Paratelenomus often form a monophyletic group close to Gryonini. The Scelioninae, Teleasinae and Telenominae are not supported as monophyletic. However, some major scelionid clades are frequently retrieved, but these are not recognized in the current classification of Platygastroidea. The evolution of the palpal formula, highly variably in scelionids, and previously used in platygastroid systematics, is explored. The number of maxillary palpomeres in the ground plan of platygatroids is probably five, that of labial palpomeres two or three, given the variation among basal scelionids. Our study provides relevant information for resolving the phylogeny of the Platygastroidea, but additional character sources have to be explored to obtain a robust phylogenetic hypothesis.

Prototaxites Dawson, 1859 or Nematophycus Carruthers, 1872: Geologists V. Botanists in the Formative Period of the Science of Paleobotany

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Geological Time Scale ◽  
Scientific Training ◽  
Heated Debate

A fossil plant found in the Devonian rocks of the Gaspé Peninsula of Canada provoked a heated debate in the late 19th century. When geologist John William Dawson identified it as an early land plant resembling a conifer (1859), he was challenged by botanist William Carruthers who argued it was a giant alga (1872). Until recently most scientists have tended to agree with Carruthers, but recent analysis suggest that neither Carruthers nor Dawson were fully correct. This paper focuses on the historical origins of the Prototaxites-Nematophycus debate, specifically on the role the debate played in the process of establishing methods within a new sub-field of paleontology. In large measure, Dawson and Carruthers disagreed over the identity and classification of this specimen because of their scientific training and areas of specialization. Carruthers and other botanists argued that the geologists who tended to dominate paleontology knew little about plant morphology and even less about the crucial identifying characteristics of the organs of fruitification. Alternatively, geologists, such as Dawson, had provided concepts and methods (eg. stratigraphy, mineralogy, geological time-scale) to paleontology, and they were not about to relinquish authority earned in previous decades.

Early Greek Ethics

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Nicomachean Ethics ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
International Team ◽  
Philosophical Ethics ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
Dissoi Logoi

Early Greek Ethics is devoted to Greek philosophical ethics in its “formative” period. The formative period is the century and a half that extends from the last decades of the sixth century BCE to about the first third of the fourth century BCE. It begins with the inception of Greek philosophical ethics and ends immediately before the composition of Plato’s and Aristotle’s mature ethical works: Republic and Nicomachean Ethics. The ancient contributors include Presocratics such as Heraclitus, Democritus, and figures of the early Pythagorean tradition such as Empedocles and Archytas of Tarentum (who have previously been studied principally for their metaphysical, cosmological, and natural philosophical ideas); Socrates and his lesser known associates such as Antisthenes of Athens and Aristippus of Cyrene; sophists such as Gorgias of Leontini, Antiphon of Athens, and Prodicus of Ceos; and anonymous texts such as the Pythagorean acusmata, Dissoi Logoi, Anonymus Iamblichi, and On Law and Justice. In addition to chapters on these individuals and texts, the volume includes chapters on select fields and topics especially influential to ethical philosophical thought in the formative period and later, such as early Greek medicine, music, friendship, justice and the afterlife, and early Greek ethnography. Consisting of thirty chapters composed by an international team of twenty-eight philosophers and classicists, Early Greek Ethics is the first volume in any language devoted to philosophical ethics in the formative period.

Myogenic Tumors in Children and Adolescents

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 211-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Parham ◽  
Rita Alaggio ◽  
Cheryl M. Coffin
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Clinicopathologic Features ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Smooth Muscle Tumors ◽  
Current Classification

Neoplasms of striated and smooth muscle in children are a diverse group of neoplasms that have some unique aspects in contrast to these tumors in adults. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of infancy and childhood and is relatively common in adolescents. In contrast, smooth muscle tumors are relatively rare, and the various types of rhabdomyoma and smooth and skeletal muscle hamartomas are very uncommon. In recent years, the understanding of the pathologic and genetic aspects of rhabdomyosarcoma has been enhanced by adjunct techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic or molecular genetic analysis. The current classification of rhabdomyosarcoma emphasizes the histologic-prognostic correlations. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features of striated and smooth muscle tumors with an emphasis on the unique aspects of these neoplasms in children and adolescents and the differential diagnosis.

scholarly journals Ive Wanted A BMW Since I Was A Kid: An Exploratory Analysis Of The Aspirational Brand

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Trocchia ◽  
Ruby Q. Saine ◽  
Michael G. Luckett
Keyword(s):  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Luxury Brand ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Low Income Consumers

Although aspirational brands are commonly referred to in the business literature, no consistent definition exists for the term. Further, aspirational brand is often used interchangeably with the term luxury brand. This study aims to conceptually define the term aspirational brandand delineate it from the well-established term luxury brand. A sample of 452 consumers were asked to provide five examples of luxury and aspitational brands. Responses from Baby Boomers and Millennials, males and females, and high-income and low-income consumers were compared. By asking a diverse group of consumers to provide examples of the two types of brands, we provide quantifiable evidence for the existence of two related but separate concepts. Sixty three percent more brands were named as aspirational than as luxury, lending support to the notion that a consumers classification of a brand as aspirational is more a function of internal influences than his or her classification of a brand as luxury. Further, differences were found between Millennials and Baby Boomers, men and women, and upper and lower income participants in terms of which brands they consider to be aspirational.

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity of Liverworts From Frullania Genus

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2199538
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ludwiczuk ◽  
Yoshinori Asakawa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Diverse Group

Frullania is one of the largest and taxonomically most complex genus of leafy liverworts. Current morphology-based estimates of Frullania diversity are close to 400 species; however, species level-classification of Frullania has been regarded notoriously difficult and subject to many studies. The liverworts classified in this genus have been studied using morphological evidence and molecular markers but also in terms of secondary metabolite composition. Up to now 98 Frullania species have been chemically investigated. As a result, it is known that Frullania species are characterized by a remarkable chemical diversity. The most characteristic compounds present in this liverwort genus are sesquiterpene lactones with eudesamnolides as the most diverse group, and aromatic compounds belonging to bibenzyls. In this review paper we report the distribution of secondary metabolites in all chemically investigated Frullania species and discuss some aspects concerning the division of this genus into chemotypes.

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