MALTHUS AND CHINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-89
Author(s):  
ALISON BASHFORD
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
New World ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Mortality Change ◽  
East West

ABSTRACTT. R. Malthus was deeply interested in how his principle of population operated in societies distant to, and different from, his own. In this respect, China served as an intriguing case, already famous in his own time for its large and dense population and the central regulation of a closed economy. Malthus drew on both centuries-old Jesuit material and recent accounts from the Macartney embassy to the Qianlong emperor to assess its past and present food–land–population dynamics. This article explores Malthus's interest in China in the context of British public and private commercial interest in opening its trade, not least interest from his own East India Company. Historiographically, Malthus's China has been critiqued as an early rendition of orientalist demographic transition, posing a dichotomy of East/West fertility and mortality change. In disagreement with this interpretation, this article argues Malthus's key distinction was not East/West but Old World/New World.

Conclusion and Outlook

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Cervellati ◽  
Uwe Sunde
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Many

This concluding chapter discusses this book's origins in the argument that the demographic transition is a key turning point for long-run development, not only in terms of a change in the regime of population dynamics toward low fertility and mortality, but also in the process of long-run economic development. The observed similarities in the transition process across space and time suggest that a better understanding of the reasons for such occurrences as the delay in the development of some countries might provide insights that are relevant beyond academic interest. The chapter argues that more interdisciplinary work between economists, demographers, and historians are needed to address the many facets that are covered only in passing, or not at all.

An instance of East-West confusion in Chinese Umbelliferae, or Arracacia out of Asia!

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Constance
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Similar Material ◽  
East West

Franchet (1894) described two species from Yunnan as Arracacha (= Arracacia) delavayi and A. peucedanifolia, respectively, in a genus hitherto known only from Mexico to Bolivia in the New World. Wolff (1925) made A. delavayi the type of his new genus Physospermopsis, but neither de Boissieu (1906), Wolff, nor Norman could find an appropriate generic home for A. peucedanifolia. In 1980, Sheh and Shan established the new genus Cyclorhiza with one species and a second taxon which became C. major (M.L. Sheh & R.H. Shan) M.L. Sheh in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. This work does not mention either A. peucedanifolia or Cenolophiwn chinense M. Hiroe (1958), which was based on similar material. The correct name for A. peucedanifolia is Cyclorhiza peucedanifolia (Franch.) Constance, comb. nov. and the genus Arracacia is to be excluded from Asia.

scholarly journals The Beginning of Dutch and English Conflict in Banda and Moluccas in the Early Seventeenth Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
A S Shngreiyo
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Spice Trade

Why Christopher Columbus did discovered America the new world, why did Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to reach India. They went and risk their life if search of the Spice Islands. The spices that European was searching were found in Indonesia Archipelago, Bandas famous for nutmeg and mace and Moluccas for its clove. After the formation of the East India Company in the early seventeenth century both the Dutch and English were competing against each other and outmaneuver one another for control of the islands. In the end, it was the Dutch who emerge victories. The Dutch established a monopoly on the spice trade from the Moluccas. They gained control over the clove trade through an alliance with the sultan of Ternate. Dutch occupation of the Banda’s gave them control of the nutmeg trade. Dutch control of the region was fully realized when Malacca was captured from the Portuguese in 1641. The Dutch were quite merciless when it suited their purposes; sometime obliterate the whole native population. By its brutal conquest over the Spice Islands they were able to control over the spice trade. Nevertheless, the English were not left behind whenever there is opportunity they set in to take the advantage of the sour relation between the native and Dutch, as the English played a role of more mercantile communities than occupation. The beginning of the seventeenth century is very important for the two companies as it decide the fate of the spices trade. Both companies were not willing to back out.

scholarly journals Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Vallini ◽  
Giulia Marciani ◽  
Serena Aneli ◽  
Eugenio Bortolini ◽  
Stefano Benazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Additional Question ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
East West

The population dynamics that followed the out of Africa expansion (OoA) and ultimately led to the formation of Oceanian, West and East Eurasian macro populations have long been debated. Furthermore, with the OoA being dated between 70 kya and 65 kya and the earliest splits between West and East Eurasian populations being inferred not earlier than 43 kya from modern DNA data, an additional question concerns the whereabouts of the early migrants out of Africa before those differentiations. Shedding light on these population dynamics may, in turn, provide clues to better understand cultural evolution in Eurasia between 50 kya and 35 kya, where the development of new technologies may be correlated to parallel independent evolution paths, to the arrival of new populations, or to long-term processes of cultural and biological exchanges. Here we jointly re-analyze Eurasian Paleolithic DNA available to date in light of material culture, and provide a comprehensive population model with minimal admixture events. Our integrated approach i) maintains Zlaty Kůň genetically as the most basal out of Africa human lineage sequenced to date, also in comparison to Oceanians and putatively links it with non-Mousterian material cultures documented in Europe 48-43 kya; ii) infers the presence of an OoA population Hub from which a major wave broadly associated with Initial Upper Paleolithic lithic industries emanated to populate West and East Eurasia before or around 45 kya, and of which Ust′Ishim, Bacho Kiro and Tianyuan were unadmixed descendants; iii) proposes a parsimonious placement of Oase1 as an individual related to Bacho Kiro who experienced additional Neanderthal introgression; and iv) explains the East/West Eurasian population split as a longer permanence of the latter in the OoA Hub, followed by a second population expansion (before 37 kya), broadly associated with Upper Paleolithic industries, that largely replaced pre-existing humans in Europe, and admixed with the previous wave to form Yana and Mal′ta in Siberia and, to a greater extent, GoyetQ116-1 in Belgium.

scholarly journals Population dynamics and economic development

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Andrea Caravaggio ◽  
Luca Gori ◽  
Mauro Sodini
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Time Optimal ◽  
Per Capita

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This research develops a continuous-time optimal growth model that accounts for population dynamics resembling the historical pattern of the demographic transition. The Ramsey model then becomes able to generate multiple determinate or indeterminate stationary equilibria and explain the process of the transition from a state with high fertility and low income per capita to a state with low fertility and high income per capita. The article also investigates the emergence of damped or persistent cyclical dynamics.</p>

scholarly journals Conflict of Interest in Nutrition: Where’s the Power? Comment on "Towards Preventing and Managing Conflict of Interest in Nutrition Policy? An Analysis of Submissions to a Consultation on a Draft WHO Tool"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Harris ◽  
Nicholas Nisbett ◽  
Stuart Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
New World ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Power Needs ◽  
Private Actors

Actual or perceived conflict of interests (COIs) among public and private actors in the field of nutrition must be managed. Ralston et al expose sharply contrasting views on the new World Health Organization (WHO) COI management tool, highlighting the contested nature of global debates. Both the WHO COI tool and the Ralston et al paper are largely quiet on aspects of power among different actors, however, which we argue is integral to these conflicts. We suggest that power needs to be acknowledged as a factor in COI; that it needs to be systematically assessed in COI tools using approaches we outline here; and that it needs to be explicitly addressed through COI mechanisms. We would recommend that all actors in the nutrition space (not only private companies) are held to the same COI standards, and we would welcome further studies such as Ralston et al to further build accountability.

“Where Is the Friend’s Home?”: New World Landscapes in Sohrab Sepehri’s Poetic Geography

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 313-328
Author(s):  
Atefeh Akbari Shahmirzadi
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Political Poetry ◽  
Literary Movement ◽  
The Mind ◽  
East West

Sohrab Sepehri (1928–1980), the Iranian poet, painter, and translator, wrote during the tumultuous decades before the Islamic revolution in Iran (1979), concurrent with global decolonizing movements. At a time when many of his contemporaries were active participants in the “Committed” literary movement and wrote ostensibly political poetry, Sepehri’s work was considered apolitical and thus marginal in the revolutionary discourse of the time. This article demonstrates how his writing in fact worked towards decolonizing the mind of the Iranian subject by creating his own unique language of revolt–a language that refrained from engaging in the East-West binarism of this discourse. His language of revolt comes out of his subversive view of culture and through his frequent travels to global literary spaces while simultaneously de-centering these spaces. I analyze his poem "Address" in tandem with its visual representation by Abbas Kiarostami to present the embodiment of his poetic geography.

scholarly journals Alexander Kulischer on the demographic future of Russia

2017 ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
Mark Tolts
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
The World

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Alexander Kulischer published three demographic articles in the most authoritative and widely read newspaper of the Russian post-revolutionary emigration – “Poslednie novosti” [The Latest News] (Paris). These articles were devoted to problems of population dynamics in some countries around the world. They were the first where the general scheme of demographic changes – now known as the concept of a “demographic transition” or “demographic revolution” – was used in predicting the demographic future of Russia. This publication provides these articles, which are now almost inaccessible to contemporary readers. A preface and helpful explanations have been added to the articles. The preface explains Kulischer’s articles in the context of the development of demography of that period and his interest in the demographic future of Russia.

Populations

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-69
Author(s):  
Vaclav Smil
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Productivity Gains

Demographic transition has been completed everywhere except for large parts of Africa. Steady decline of traditionally high fertilities and mortalities brought temporarily high rates of population growth (globally peaking during the 1960s), as the worldwide count rose from about 1 billion in 1800 to more than 7.8 billion by 2020. The new prevailing pattern of population dynamics is characterized by very low infant mortalities, fertilities well below the replacement level, increasing longevities, and aging, even decline, of many populations. Generations of high growth rates and productivity gains in agriculture and abundance of fossil fuels led to an unprecedented pace of urbanization. More than half of humanity now lives in cities, including a rising number of megacities, each with more than 10 million people.

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