FROM PEASANT TO FARMER: A STUDY OF AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION IN AN IRANIAN VILLAGE, 1967–2002

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Ismail Ajami
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Agrarian Transformation

Iranian agriculture and rural society have undergone profound socioeconomic and political changes over the past four decades. While recognizing the significant impact of urbanization, economic development, and integration of the rural economy in the market, this paper contends that the land-reform program of the 1960s and the 1979 revolution represent the primary turning points in the rural transformation. Land reform, through intense state intervention, dramatically changed the traditional landlord-sharecropping system (nizam-i arbab-rayati). Peasant uprisings, the forcible occupation of large estates, and the agrarian policies of the postrevolutionary regime have led to the demise of the urban agricultural bourgeoisie and the empowerment of the peasants. There has been a disintegration of large-scale public and private agricultural production systems, including agribusinesses, farm corporations, and the agricultural production cooperatives developed under the shah's regime.

scholarly journals Strategic deployment of riparian buffers and windbreaks in Europe can co-deliver biomass and environmental benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Englund ◽  
Pål Börjesson ◽  
Blas Mola-Yudego ◽  
Göran Berndes ◽  
Ioannis Dimitriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Eu Policies

AbstractWithin the scope of the new Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, in coherence with other EU policies, new incentives are developed for farmers to deploy practices that are beneficial for climate, water, soil, air, and biodiversity. Such practices include establishment of multifunctional biomass production systems, designed to reduce environmental impacts while providing biomass for food, feed, bioenergy, and other biobased products. Here, we model three scenarios of large-scale deployment for two such systems, riparian buffers and windbreaks, across over 81,000 landscapes in Europe, and quantify the corresponding areas, biomass output, and environmental benefits. The results show that these systems can effectively reduce nitrogen emissions to water and soil loss by wind erosion, while simultaneously providing substantial environmental co-benefits, having limited negative effects on current agricultural production. This kind of beneficial land-use change using strategic perennialization is important for meeting environmental objectives while advancing towards a sustainable bioeconomy.

scholarly journals Agroclimatic zoning: a planning strategy for agricultural and livestock systems in Alta Guajira, Colombia

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-447
Author(s):  
Gustavo Alfonso Araujo-Carrillo ◽  
Fabio Ernesto Martínez-Maldonado ◽  
Leidy Yibeth Deantonio-Florido ◽  
Douglas Andrés Gómez-Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Species Type ◽  
Suitable Area ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

One of the most important dry agroecosystems in Colombia is found in the northern Guajira region, which has native inhabitants (sociocultural aspect) and semiarid zones (ecological aspect). This condition has resulted in great vulnerability in agricultural production systems to adverse climatic events, which require large scale action. For example, the establishment of agroclimatic suitability zones are needed to access information, for decision-making. The aim of this study was to carry out agroclimatic zoning in the municipality of Uribia (La Guajira) for agricultural production systems and animal feed species. The criteria used to identify the agroclimatic suitability zones included: plant coverage present in the municipality, soil suitability, water storage under water stress, regular conditions found in the municipality, and an extreme water deficit event. The evaluated conditions showed variations in agroclimatic suitability during the periods January to April and August to November. During an extreme water-deficit event between August and November, the suitable area for the establishment of production systems with plant species (type C3 and C4) was smaller (77,000 ha) than in the period January to April (130,000 ha). The agroclimatic suitability categories in Uribia did not exhibit differences between the evaluated periods under average water-deficit conditions.

scholarly journals Conceptual Bases of the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Agricultural Business in the Conditions of Land Reform Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Movchaniuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Agricultural Business

Abstract. Introduction. The structural land relations restructuring in the countryside, which in the process of land reform and collective agricultural enterprises reform during the 90s of the 20th century, was the spur for the formation and development of lease land relations in agricultural production. Despite the world’s highest level of land resources involvement in economic circulation, high soil fertility, diversity of land and resource potential, it was not possible during the Ukraine’s independence period to realize the main task of land reform, that is the transfer of land in possession of effective landowners and transforming these lands into a key determinant of economic growth. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the formation and development of organizational and legal forms of management in agricultural production in the context of land reform in Ukraine. Results. Land resources play a leading role in Ukraine’s economy as they are a working tool for the production programs implementation for the formation of food and raw materials for the processing industry. At the same time, the incompleteness of agrarian reform, limited market operations with agricultural land, lack of a consistent state policy on land use, disposal and ownership impedes investment into the agricultural sector, causing negative socio-economic consequences of the rural economy. Ukraine’s desire to restructure land relations in agriculture and to develop them in accordance with world standards, objectively led to the formation of an adequate system of land relations, primarily focused on the formation of a full-time land owner like of small and medium-sized agricultural business. Conclusions. The study of land relations development in Ukraine substantiates that the economy agricultural sector reform involves the transformation of land relations to a market type, the final stage of which should be the formation of the agricultural land market and the provision of the right to dispose of these lands to land owners. The results of the conducted studies showed that the objective need to significantly improve the state mechanism of support for small and medium enterprises in agribusiness, given, first of all, its actual absence and less competitiveness of this group of enterprises compared to large agricultural holdings.

scholarly journals Pressure and violence: Housing renovation and displacement in Sweden

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Baeten ◽  
Sara Westin ◽  
Emil Pull ◽  
Irene Molina
Keyword(s):  
Urban Renewal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Private Housing ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Right ◽  
Housing Estates

Based on interview material relating to the current wave of housing renovation in Swedish cities, this article will analyse the profit-driven, traumatic and violent displacement in the wake of contemporary large-scale renovation processes of the so-called Million Program housing estates from the 1960s and 1970s. We maintain that the current form of displacement (through renovation) has become a regularized profit strategy, for both public and private housing companies in Sweden. We will pay special attention to Marcuse’s notion of ‘displacement pressure’ which refers not only to actual displacement but also to the anxieties, uncertainties, insecurities and temporalities that arise from possible displacement due to significant rent increases after renovation and from the course of events preceding the actual rent increase. Examples of the many insidious forms in which this pressure manifests itself will be given – examples that illustrate the hypocritical nature of much planning discourse and rhetoric of urban renewal. We illustrate how seemingly unspectacular measures and tactics deployed in the renovation processes have far-reaching consequences for tenants exposed to actual or potential displacement. Displacement and displacement pressure due to significant rent increases (which is profit-driven but justified by invoking the ‘technical necessity’ of renovation) undermines the ‘right to dwell’ and the right to exert a reasonable level of power over one’s basic living conditions, with all the physical and mental benefits that entails – regardless of whether displacement fears materialize in actual displacement or not.

Conclusion: The Big Historical Picture

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Andrew Altman
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
The West ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Sexual Norms ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 1960S

Social norms regarding sex and its representations have changed radically in the West, from ancient times to the present. The sexually permissive norms of ancient Greece and Rome were replaced by the highly restrictive norms of the Christian world. In Greece and Rome, sexually explicit images were routinely displayed in public and private settings. Prostitution and pederasty were permitted by prevailing norms. By contrast, Christian doctrine and culture regarded it as a sin to engage in sex outside of marriage and for reasons other than procreation. Sexually explicit images were condemned and suppressed. The sexual revolution of the 1960s, in turn, fundamentally altered the sexual norms of society, relaxing many of the previous restrictions but without returning to the norms of the ancient pagan world. This chapter places the current issue of pornography in the context of those large-scale historical changes and explains how the issue is, in a certain sense, a moral one.

Macroeconomic Aspects of Strategy for Rural Spatial Development Management in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
N.I. Zhukov ◽  
◽  
N.A. Korneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Spatial Development

The article discusses and reveals the problems of strategic management of spatial development in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy at the macro-economic level, which include both territorial location and specialization of production, and exogenous mechanisms of functioning of the rural economy, which collectively concludes the concept of “rural development”. The approaches of representatives of the scientific community to the characterization of the essence of the category – “strategic management” as a long-term action program are presented. In the agricultural sector, it has different directions of impact due to spatial heterogeneity, which is manifested in the territorial differentiation of production (rental) opportunities for agricultural production in different administrative-territorial units of the corresponding hierarchical scale. This is aggravated by a non-adaptive agrarian macroeconomic policy, market imperfections, fetishization of private, especially land ownership, as well as unjustified absolutization of the advantages of large forms of agricultural production. The overstated role of foreign capital in agriculture, food and processing industries creates significant social, economic and environmental risks. In the agricultural and food sector of country’s economy, including the location and specialization of agricultural production, it is necessary to develop and adopt at the Federal level legislative acts that would encourage the integration of producers, processors, service enterprises, trade and credit and financial organizations, and consumer unions in the regions. To do this, it is necessary to develop a new, science-based paradigm of strategic management of rural development, regional distribution and specialization of agricultural production based on an objective assessment of modern productive forces, which are limited by the framework of private property and unregulated market relations, with a critical approach to large-scale forms of agricultural production.

scholarly journals Features and applications of haplotypes in crop breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javaid Akhter Bhat ◽  
Deyue Yu ◽  
Abhishek Bohra ◽  
Showkat Ahmad Ganie ◽  
Rajeev K. Varshney
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

AbstractClimate change with altered pest-disease dynamics and rising abiotic stresses threatens resource-constrained agricultural production systems worldwide. Genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) approaches have greatly contributed to enhancing crop breeding efficiency and delivering better varieties. Fast-growing capacity and affordability of DNA sequencing has motivated large-scale germplasm sequencing projects, thus opening exciting avenues for mining haplotypes for breeding applications. This review article highlights ways to mine haplotypes and apply them for complex trait dissection and in GAB approaches including haplotype-GWAS, haplotype-based breeding, haplotype-assisted genomic selection. Improvement strategies that efficiently deploy superior haplotypes to hasten breeding progress will be key to safeguarding global food security.

An Analysis of Agricultural Production in a Semi-Subsistence Economy

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Indra P. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
Western Development ◽  
Development Region ◽  
Livestock Rearing ◽  
Better Than

This paper summarizes the socioeconomic variables that characterize agricultural production in a semi-subsistence rural economy. The findings confirm the agricultural practice in the Western Development Region of Nepal to be semi-subsistence, that is, farming in small areas that are not viable for large-scale commercialization, limited use of improved varieties of crops, production mainly for domestic or local consumption and livestock rearing in small herds, These features, which are characteristic of lack of modernization and commercialization, describe production in this economy better than any other socioeconomic variables.

“Land fever” and “Bankruptcy”: Social Problems in Hanoi’s Urbanizing Peri-urban Communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-562
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Drawn upon field research in two peri-urban villages of Hanoi in 2014 and short re-visits recently, the research examines the widespread of gambling and other social issues in Hanoi’s urbanizing peri-urban communities which happened concurrently with the phenomenon of “land fever,” and at the time local villagers received compensation from land appropriation. The article aims to understand the impact of urbanization on these communities and the interface between urbanization and the increase of social problems. It argues that gambling, drug use, and other social problems have been existing in Vietnamese rural communities long before; however, when urbanization came, some people have higher chances to engage in these activities. Those are villagers who want to transform quickly into entrepreneurs or bosses by joining the “black credit” market and gambling. Together with middle-aged and old farmers who greatly relied on agricultural production and face difficulties in transforming their occupation, they formed the group of losers in the urbanization process. Received 6th January 2019; Revised 26th April 2019; Accepted 15th May 2019

Social inequality in the evolution of human societies

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Georgi Derluguian
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Political Economic

The author develops ideas about the origin of social inequality during the evolution of human societies and reflects on the possibilities of its overcoming. What makes human beings different from other primates is a high level of egalitarianism and altruism, which contributed to more successful adaptability of human collectives at early stages of the development of society. The transition to agriculture, coupled with substantially increasing population density, was marked by the emergence and institutionalisation of social inequality based on the inequality of tangible assets and symbolic wealth. Then, new institutions of warfare came into existence, and they were aimed at conquering and enslaving the neighbours engaged in productive labour. While exercising control over nature, people also established and strengthened their power over other people. Chiefdom as a new type of polity came into being. Elementary forms of power (political, economic and ideological) served as a basis for the formation of early states. The societies in those states were characterised by social inequality and cruelties, including slavery, mass violence and numerous victims. Nowadays, the old elementary forms of power that are inherent in personalistic chiefdom are still functioning along with modern institutions of public and private bureaucracy. This constitutes the key contradiction of our time, which is the juxtaposition of individual despotic power and public infrastructural one. However, society is evolving towards an ever more efficient combination of social initiatives with the sustainability and viability of large-scale organisations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document