Treaties, Borders, and the Partition of Africa

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saadia Touval
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
African Politics ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Contractual Obligation ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Territorial Claims

The article questions the contention that, in the process of partition and the delimitation of borders in Africa, no account was taken of local conditions. The possibility of indirect African influence on the process is examined. At least some of the treaties concluded between Europeans and African rulers were genuine, and regarded as a contractual obligation by both sides. There were cases of African rulers seeking to promote their political interests by entering into an alliance with Europeans. Such treaties were sometimes utilized by European powers in their negotiations with rivals, to support their territorial claims. There were some attempts to define colonial borders so that they coincided with the frontiers of traditional African politics. Thus, treaties between African rulers and Europeans played a role in the process of the partition. In this connexion, it is important to remember that traditional African polities were often polyethnic, or encompassed only a segment of an ethnic group, and did not correspond to the modern European concept of ‘nation states’. There were also occasions in which questions regarding the local economy and communications were considered when borders were delimited. The considerations employed may have been wrong. But it seems necessary to modify the generalization that local circumstances were disregarded in the border-making process.

6. The role of identity in African politics

2018 ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Ian Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
African Politics ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Family ◽  
Colonization Period

‘The role of identity in African politics’ explains that identity politics are symptoms of Africa’s underdevelopment, not the cause, and the prominence of such political mobilization reflects much deeper structural problems facing many post-colonial states. Before the colonial era, African societies were based on notions of identity, such as the family, ancestral lineage, the clan, or the community. Colonial rule forced together different communities (some of which were traditionally hostile to each other) and was mainly responsible for producing the situation found today where very few nation states exist. Colonial authorities concretized differences among and between the subjugated and the de-colonization period further contributed to the politicization of identity.

scholarly journals Conceptualising the role of cities in the governance of religious diversity in Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 810-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Martínez-Ariño
Keyword(s):  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
Legal Frameworks

The sociological literature has devoted less attention to cities than to nation-states as contexts for the regulation of religion and religious diversity in Europe. Drawing on ideas from the literature on migration, urban studies, geography and the sociology of religion, as well as empirical material from fieldwork conducted in three medium-size cities in France, the author conceptualises the governance of religious diversity in cities as complex assemblages where (1) the political interests and claims of various unequally socially positioned actors over (2) a number of domains and objects of the public expression of religiosity are (3) subjected to a variety of municipal interventions, which are (4) shaped by the interplay of supranational legal frameworks, national legislation, policies, institutional arrangements and local contextual factors. The result of these regulation processes are particular (and often contested) normative definitions of ‘accepted’ or ‘legitimate’ public expressions of religiosity, subsequently enacted by a variety of local actors through both formal procedures and informal practices.

Factors influencing the sustainability of customary dugong hunting by a remote indigenous community

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONNA KWAN ◽  
HELENE MARSH ◽  
STEVEN DELEAN
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Hunting Activity ◽  
Remote Indigenous Community

The sustainability of indigenous customary hunting and fishing in remote areas can be influenced by human factors operating at global as well as regional and local scales because of the hybrid nature and sectoral interactions of the local economic environment. The internationally significant population of dugongs (Dugong dugon or seacow) in Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea supports an important indigenous fishery. The economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors that influenced hunting activity in 1998 and 1999 by the members of the community of Mabuiag Island were investigated to inform the sustainable management of the fishery. The landed catch during the eight months March to October of 145 dugongs in 1998 and 170 dugongs in 1999 potentially provided the community with an average of 290 g of dugong meat per person per day. Fifty-seven per cent of adult males on the island participated in dugong hunting, but more than half the catch in each year was caught by only two hunters. The probability of at least one person from the community going dugong hunting in 1998 and 1999 was 0.59 ± 0.02 per day. This probability was influenced by local environmental factors, including the abundance of dugongs in the traditional hunting grounds (affected by wind speed, year, season and lunar day) and the size of the commercial crayfish catch (which is influenced by the global market price, as well as local conditions). Although dugong hunting remains a very important part of the islanders’ contemporary culture and customary economy, the capacity to hunt dugongs is facilitated by the ease with which some hunters move between the state, commercial and customary sectors of their local economy. The complexities of the economic, social and cultural environments need to be considered in planning for the sustainable harvesting of threatened species by remote indigenous communities.

scholarly journals Model pelayanan air bersih perdesaan

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Rini Dorojati ◽  
Nuraini Dwi Astuti ◽  
Hartono Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Provider Group ◽  
Changing Trend ◽  
Low Coverage

Low coverage of clean water in Indonesia leads to minimum consumption of clean water with proper health requirement. Increasement of clean water coverage is undergoing an effort from independent community in society. This research aims to find a service model of clean water for group based rural communities. Type of this research is descriptive qualitative, with research object is clean water independent provider group, Oyo Wening Santosa community, in a village called Bunder, district of Patuk, Gunung Kidul. Data was gathered by document utilization, parsitipatory observation, in-depth interview, and focus group discussion. Data was analyzed with qualitative method. This research shows that clean water coverage organized by communiy Oyo Wening is a model of sinergy for organization that was established by concern from society and government support, emerge in a program called “Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Ibu Kota Kecamatan” (SPAM IKK). There are 1170 households channel subscribers spread across four villages. The service procedures are applied based on local conditions. This service has some drawbacks, namely the limited knowledge of the officer, the legality of which is not owned by the organization, facilities and infrastructure, and the relatively low tarrif, Rp 3,500 per m3. In conclusion, rural water services with the model applied in Oyo Wening Sentosa showed a changing trend in people's access to clean water and the local economy has increased. The legality of the business management of water services should become a priority for the stakeholders to ensure the realization of excellent service in providing clean water.

scholarly journals Syncretic Heritage of Bawakng Tradition for Salako Dayak (Bawakng as a Supreme Shrine)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Albertus
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Belief System ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Nation States

Salako is the ethnonym denominating the ethnic group which straddles the border of two nation-states, Sarawak, Malaysia and West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The belief system of this community including to Bawakng traditions have been syncretized through inter-mingling with Hindu’s beliefs during the Indianization of Southeast Asia. Bawakng is a mountain which is mythologized as the homeland of supreme dieties of Dayak Salako. Meanwhile, in Hindu’s belief, Himalaya is a mountain as a supreme shrine. Both of these belief systems highly considered the big highest mountains as the homeland of supreme dieties. This syncretism can be seen in Salako religious beliefs, livelihood, customs and traditions. Local community believes that Bawakng Mountain is the shrine of the supreme deities. It also represents how Salakos construe themselves based on their Bawakng cosmogony. Salako and Hinduism have a belief in multiple deities, which are assembled into a pantheon, Bawakng for Salako and Himalaya for Hindu.

scholarly journals On the Production of Potassium Carbonate from Cocoa Pod Husks

Recycling ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Kouwelton Kone ◽  
Karl Akueson ◽  
Graeme Norval
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Chemical Products

Cocoa beans are found inside an outer husk; 60% of the cocoa fruit is the outer husk, which is a waste biomass. The husk cannot be used directly as a soil amendment as it promotes the fungal black pod disease, which reduces crop yield. The pods are segregated from the trees, and their plant nutrient value is wasted. This is particularly true for the small acreage farmers in West Africa. Cocoa pod husk is well suited to be used as a biomass source for electricity production. The waste ash is rich in potassium, which can be converted in various chemical products, most notably, high-purity potassium carbonate. This study reviews the information known about cocoa and cocoa pod husk, and considers the socio-economic implications of creating a local economy based on collecting the cocoa pod husk for electricity production, coupled with the processing of the waste ash into various products. The study demonstrates that the concept is feasible, and also identifies the local conditions required to create this sustainable economic process.

Spending the Queen’s Shilling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Dominy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Security ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Financial Expenditure ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
Economic Influence ◽  
Peace And War

This chapter examines the economic influence of the Natal garrison and its costs to the taxpayer in times of both peace and war. In particular, it analyzes the influence of the British Army's prolonged presence on the local economy from five angles: the imperial government's financial expenditure on the garrison; the question of supplies; the degree of economic security provided by the presence of the garrison; its impact on the livestock market and on transport; and the exploitation of African labor, particularly during times of war. The chapter also considers the two major strands in the colonial economy that produced competing political interests: the commercial and the agricultural sectors.

Maritime Regional Theories

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-27
Author(s):  
Timothy Doyle ◽  
Dennis Rumley
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
International System ◽  
State Building ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Domestic Support

Various countries and cultures, washed by the waters of these amorphous oceanic boundaries and sea spaces, are currently seeking to establish exclusive territorial claims over these water spaces by invoking stories and narratives taken from pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial eras. In this chapter we select some of these stories, often used in an attempt to legitimate ‘natural’, more essentialist relationships between certain cultures and/or nation-states with their surrounding seas. These narratives both challenge and/or support the broader international system and its rule of law; creating internal tropes, strengthening domestic support for state-building programs in the region/s. But the Indo-Pacific is more than a contestation between nation-statist imaginations and aspirations. It also invokes stories which seek to develop and celebrate a shared ‘maritime regionalism’ beyond the exclusive and usually dominant politics of nation-states. Finally, a third interpretive category is used: the construction of the Indo-Pacific as a globalized ‘non-space’.

Digital Networks and Citizenship

PMLA ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Poster
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Community Values ◽  
Satellite Technology ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Musical Cultures ◽  
National Boundaries

Paradoxical as it may appear, isn't it through the rights of man that transpires today—at a planetary level—the worst discriminations?—Jean Baudrillard, Les mots de passeCritical discourse today locates an antagonism between globalization and citizenship. The deepening of globalizing processes strips citizens of power, this position maintains. As economic processes become globalized, the nation-state loses its ability to protect its population. Citizens lose their ability to elect a leadership that effectively pursues their interests. When production facilities are dispersed beyond the nation, jobs are lost to foreigners, labor markets are affected by conditions in countries with diverse living standards, and capital flows, at the speed of light, to places of optimum returns. Consumption is also planetary in scope, bringing across borders alien cultural assumptions as embodied in commodities. The popular need no longer be the local. Although foreign goods are inflected with community values and easily adapted to local conditions, they remain indexes of otherness. What is more dramatic still than the changes in production and consumption, nation-states are losing their cultural coherence by dint of planetary communications systems. Much of contemporary music is global music or at least a fusion of diverse musical cultures. Satellite technology and the Internet bring all media across national boundaries as if those borders did not exist. Global processes run deep and wide, rendering problematic the figure of the citizen as a member of a national community.

Raising revenue in the British empire, 1870–1940: how ‘extractive’ were colonial taxes?

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewout Frankema
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Nation States ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Fiscal Regimes ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Crucial Characteristic

AbstractColonial tax systems have shaped state–economy relationships in the formative stages of many present-day nation-states. This article surveys the variety in colonial tax systems across thirty-four dominions, colonies, and protectorates during the heyday of British imperialism (1870–1940), focusing on a comparison of colonial tax levels. The results are assessed on the basis of different views in the literature regarding the function and impact of colonial fiscal regimes: are there clear differences between ‘settler’ and ‘non-settler’ colonies? I show that there is little evidence for the view that ‘excessive taxation’ has been a crucial characteristic of ‘extractive institutions’ in non-settler colonies because local conditions (geographic or institutional) often prevented the establishment of revenue-maximizing tax machineries. This nuances the ‘extractive institutions’ hypothesis and calls for a decomposition of the term ‘extractive institutions’ as such.

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