The Inland Niger Delta before the Empire of Mali: Evidence from Jenne-Jeno

1981 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick J. McIntosh ◽  
Susan Keech McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Inland Niger Delta ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
The City

The dates and circumstances of early references to Jenne have led historians to conclude that the city originated relatively late in time. It is widely believed that the city developed simultaneously with Timbuktu in the mid-thirteenth century as an artifact of trans-Saharan trade. Persistent oral traditions of the foundation of Jenne in the eighth century are generally discounted.Recent archaeological excavations at the ancestral site of Jenne-jeno have established that iron-using and manufacturing peoples were occupying the site in the third century B.C. The settlement proceeded to grow rapidly during the first millennium a.d., reaching its apogee between a.d. 750 and 1100, at which time the settlement exceeded 33 hectares (82 acres) in size. The archaeological data are supported by the results of site survey within a 1,100-square-kilometre region of Jenne's traditional hinterland. During the late first millennium a.d., several nearby settlements comparable in size to Jenne-jeno existed, and the density of rural settlements may have been as great as ten times the density of villages in the hinterland today.Evidence from excavation and survey indicates that Jenne participated in inter-regional exchange relations far earlier than previously admitted. The stone and iron in the initial levels at Jenne-jeno were imported from outside the Inland Delta; levels dated to c.a.d. 400 yield copper, presumably from distant Saharan sources. The importance of the abundant staple products of Jenne's rural hinterland, including rice, fish and fish oil, is examined in a reassessment of the extent of inter-regional commerce and the emergence of urbanism during the first millennium a.d. Jenne-jeno may have been a principal participant in the founding of commercial centres on the Saharan contact zone of the Bend of the Niger, rather than a product of the luxury trade serviced by those centres.

The Byzantine basilica church at Knossos

1962 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 186-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. C. Frend ◽  
David E. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Westerly Direction ◽  
British Institute ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The City

The Hellenistic and Roman city of Knossos occupied a broad plateau extending northward of the Minoan Palace towards the sea. For nearly a mile from the Palace the fields are studded with the debris of occupation. One of the great Roman town houses was partly excavated before the War by Mr. R. W. Hutchinson and the work has been continued by Mr. and Mrs. Michael Gough, now of the British Institute in Ankara. A splendid series of second- to third-century mosaics has been discovered depicting the Dionysiac cult. The city, however, had a Christian community at least as early as about A.D. 170, for in that period Eusebius records the name of a Bishop Pinytus, who earned a reputation for being a zealous moral reformer, and was regarded as an influential figure among correspondents of Bishop Dionysius of Corinth. In the Patristic period Knossos continued to be an important Christian centre, its bishop being present at the Councils of Ephesus, 431, Chalcedon, 451, and Nicaea, 787. The see of Knossos is also mentioned in lists of sees drawn up in the reign of Justinian, and in the eighth century. Between 731 and 787 it seems to have ranked as Protothronos, or second senior bishop. On the Bulgarian episcopal list of 980 Knossos is still recorded among the Cretan bishoprics.To judge from examples known from North Africa, such as Timgad, Djemila, and Tipasa, the main early Christian centre was likely to be outside the city walls where the cemeteries were located. There would be found the Christian area, and there, too, the earliest centre of worship. At Knossos it seems that a small stream which used to run in an east-westerly direction from the area of Fortetsa, until its course was altered to one slightly farther south when the new hospital was built, marked the boundary between the city and cemetery area.

scholarly journals The bricks of E-sagil

Iraq ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. George
Keyword(s):  
City Wall ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Textual Material ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Written Sources

The intention of this article is to continue the process of comparing modern archaeological data relating to Babylon and its buildings with the ancient written sources. Previous work has produced results for the topography of the city, particularly the location of the city's gates, quarters and temples, and has achieved some success with two individual structures, namely the temple of Marduk under the mound Amran ibn Ali, and the eastern city wall at its junction with the river defences to the south of the same mound. A newly published text adds considerably to the textual material avail able for study of the cult-centre of Marduk, so that it is useful once again to go back inside E-sagil (E-sangil).Given the exalted position of Marduk's temple at Babylon as the supreme sanctuary of Babylonia in the first millennium, it is no surprise that there survives a relatively large number of documentary sources which shed light on this building, its ground-plan and its interior. These include building inscriptions, of course, but such texts are not informative about lay-out so much as the work undertaken. Rituals are also useful, in that they sometimes describe the progress of processions in temples, but the most rewarding texts for those who would wish to know more about the ground-plan of the temple, its architecture and cultic fixtures and fittings, are: a) metrological texts which give measurements of temples, and b) “topographical” and other texts which list the ceremonial names of shrines, gates, throne-daises and other cultic fixtures and fittings.

North Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 626-643
Author(s):  
Alfredo Mederos Martín
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Main River ◽  
Algerian Coast ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The Phoenician presence in modern-day Morocco and Algeria started no later than the beginning of the eighth century bce, with the city of Lixus on the Atlantic and its temple of Melqart, one of the oldest in the Phoenician diaspora. There was a process of intensification during the second half of the seventh century bce, with sites springing up along the main river valleys or on small islands close to the coast, such as Mogador and Rachgoun. These sites were founded to control the agricultural and cattle industries, as well as the trade in exotic goods such as ivory, purple dye, and luxury citron wood. This process continued during the first half of the sixth century bce, when for the first time less important rivers were occupied as ports of call. It is difficult to identify a Carthaginian colonial presence, since a large part of the evidence for a “Punic” presence on the Algerian coast belongs to the period of the Numidian kings, beginning in the third century bce. However, these must have been tributary cities which also obligatorily sent mercenaries to the Carthaginian army.

VOTIVE OFFERINGS FROM THE SANCTUARY OF ARTEMIS ORTHIA, SPARTA, IN LIVERPOOL COLLECTIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Georgina Muskett
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Museums ◽  
Terracotta Figurines ◽  
The University ◽  
The City ◽  
Votive Offerings

Two museums in the city of Liverpool have material from the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, Sparta: the Garstang Museum of Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, and World Museum, part of National Museums Liverpool.The artefacts from the Artemis Orthia sanctuary which are now in the collections in Liverpool represent all periods of the use of the sanctuary, between the eighth century bc and the third century ad. They comprise lead figurines and miniature vessels, both characteristic of Laconian sites, as well as other types of pottery and terracotta figurines. Large and more extravagant offerings, such as items made from ivory or bronze, are not represented. However, the range of artefacts, particularly lead figurines, is impressive, and complements the material from the sanctuary which has already been published, primarily in the volume edited by Dawkins and published in 1929. In addition, the collections include a few objects of exceptional interest, mentioned in the article with further details in the Appendix. A full listing of votive offerings from the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Liverpool collections complements the article.

scholarly journals Porphyreon through the Ages. The Fading Archaeological Heritage of the Lebanese Coast

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Gwiazda
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
Lebanese Coast ◽  
Initial Research ◽  
Coastal Settlement

Ancient Porphyreon (Jiyeh/Nebi Younis) was a large rural settlement located on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, near the Phoenician city of Sidon. This article presents the initial research results of the stratigraphic data, extending from at least the eighth century BC to the seventh century AD, and how Phoenician village functioned. Analysis proves that it played a significant role in the local economy—on the one hand, providing for the city of Sidon and, on the other, mediating the exchange of goods with rural settlements, scattered across the mountainous hinterland. Uncovering the mysteries of this coastal settlement is extremely important, especially in light of the increasing threat to the archaeological heritage of Lebanon.

Sicily

2019 ◽  
pp. 536-552
Author(s):  
Salvatore de Vincenzo
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Advanced Degree ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

Thucydides reports that the Phoenicians were present throughout Sicily and traded with the Sicels. A tangible Phoenician presence in Sicily, as expressed by pottery, is attested only at the end of the eighth century bce. The earliest hypothetical Phoenician settlements of Solunt and Panormus are still almost unknown. This earliest phase is associated in particular with the city of Motya, where pottery and a few other finds testify to it. The Punic phase of the island is much clearer, with almost all indications coming from Motya and Selinus, which were not built over in Roman times. The Pfeilertempel, as emerged from Motya, could be regarded as the prototype for the Phoenician temple in Sicily. In turn, it is possible to recognize a characteristic type of temple of Punic Sicily, as particularly shown at Selinus, These shrines, as well as other elements of the Punic settlements like the houses, the fortifications, or the necropoleis, in particular from the fourth century bce onwards, are evidence of an advanced degree of Hellenization, framed within a Mediterranean koine.

The First Millennium bc: Temple Enclosure or Urban Citadel?

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Barry Kemp
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
The South ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
The City ◽  
Frequent Reference

The first millennium bc brought warfare to the interior of Egypt on a significant scale. We have two vivid records, one written and the other pictorial. The former is a first-person narrative of the Napatan (Sudanese) king Piankhy who, having gained control of the south of Egypt, embarked in 730 bc on a methodical subjugation of the rest of the country, then under the rule of several local families. During the seemingly irresistible northward progress of his army Piankhy makes frequent reference to walls with battlements and gates which could be countered with siege towers/battering rams and the erection of earthen ramps, although Piankhy himself preferred the tactic of direct storming. Within the circuit of these walls lay treasuries and granaries and, in the case of the city of Hermopolis in Middle Egypt, the palace of the local king Nemlut together with its stables for horses.

Later Bronze Age Activity in the Somerset Levels

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Coles
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe evidence of human activity in the Somerset Levels in the first millennium B.C. consists of wooden trackways laid across areas of developing raised bog, and joining small settlements on the higher, drier lands of the Poldens and the Wedmore ridge. The excavation of one of these tracks, of the sixth century B.C., is described. Stray finds of weapons and tools continue to be made by peat-cutters and by archaeologists; the most recent of these finds are a hazelwood peg or truncheon, and a sycamore tent peg, of the fourth or third century B.C. The relationship of the trackways and other finds to the marshside villages at Meare remains to be established.

THE FOUNDERS OF WESTERN PONTIC CITIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Nawotka
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Civic Life ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
The City ◽  
Cultural Transfers

The Greek cities of the western coast of the Black Sea knew both foundation myths and the phenomenon of the second foundation, associated with the rebuilding of civic life after the invasion of Burebista, the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82 bce to 44 bce. In most foundation stories the ktistes is either a god (in the case of the city of Dionysopolis) or a hero (in the cases of the cities of Kallatis, Tomis and Anchialos), and the stories date mostly to the Antonine age. The story of Tomos of Tomis stands out owing to its wide acceptance among the local elite, while that of Melsas of Mesambria may have never gained official acceptance: it was created in the late Hellenistic age, probably reviving a Thracian tale of Melsas, perhaps a hero, known from early-third century bce coins. The Melsas story is a prime example of cultural transfers from the native population to Greek-majority Mesambria in the Hellenistic and early Roman ages.

Wastewater-fed aquaculture systems in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam: status and trends.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Viet Huy Huynh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Status And Trends ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
The City

Abstract There are currently eight types of wastewater-fed aquaculture (WFA) systems in Ho Chi Minh City: seed production, fish-livestock, fish-water mimosa, fish-lotus, rice-fish, fish-only, water spinach, and fish-water spinach. Some utilize wastewater efficiently as a nutrient source, while some others have to control carefully the intake of wastewater. WFA has attracted farmers on their own initiative. Although it provides a living for a significant number of urban farmers and plays important roles in farmers' livelihoods, it is now under threat from the process of economic development of the city. The impacts of urbanization on former WFA sites in inner city zone of district 6 and district 8 where it is disappearing rapidly indicate what is likely to happen to current WFA sites in the city. Urbanization has also created livelihood uncertainties for farmers. The attraction of high prices of land and the impacts of urbanization projects are the main constraints, resulting in the decline in WFA areas. Pollution from uncontrolled and dispersed industrialization is another threat for WFA.

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