Coercion and Control in Nyasaland: Aspects of the History of a Colonial Police Force

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Disproportionate Number ◽  
Colonial Police ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
And Control

This article examines the changing function of the Nyasaland police force between the 1890s and 1962. Initially, the police consisted of small groups of armed ex-soldiers, totally untrained in conventional police duties and employed by district officers in pressing labour and enforcing the payment of hut tax. In 1920, however, the authorities responded to the threat seemingly posed by the emergence of ‘dangerous classes’ – particularly labour migrants returned from the south – by forming a trained, centralized force, commanded in the Shire Highlands, though not elsewhere, by European police-officers. In the reorganized districts the police succeeded in protecting urban property. But so limited was the size of the force that the prevention and detection of crime was hardly attempted over the greater part of the country, while campaigns such as that against the Mchape witchcraft eradication movement foundered in the face of popular opposition.Substantial changes began in the mid-1940s in response to urbanization and the increasing complexity of police duties, coming to a climax in the 1950s as the colonial government struggled to maintain authority. At first the emphasis was on raising educational standards and improving conditions of service. But following the crisis of 1953, it switched to expanding police numbers and increasing the coercive power of the force; this process was accelerated in the aftermath of the 1959 emergency.Recruitment policies were influenced by the technical requirements of the authorities and by the ethnic stereotypes they evolved – a combination which resulted in the recruitment of a disproportionate number of Yao policemen in the first few decades and of more Lomwe and Chewa later. Policemen were attracted less by the rates of pay than by the privileges on offer. An inner corps of policemen spent their lives upholding colonial authority, but most could not be placed in a distinctive category of ‘collaborator’.

scholarly journals end of all taxation and censorship using blockchain technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
pp. 604-610
Author(s):  
Tanmay Munjal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Surveillance Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Free Flow Of Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
Flow Of Information

Large scale censorship and control over the free flow of information on the internet that was already implemented on a large scale in many authoritarian countries in China in the past few decades has started to work its way through the more liberal and western countries including India, US etc. especially in the last decade raising concerns over privacy issues and the possibility of a dystopian future of tyrannical governments empowered by the use of digital surveillance technology to increase their power and make them essentially undefeatable on a level unforeseen in the history of humanity among many great thinkers in our era. In this paper, we wish to outline a method to not only combat but to completely eliminate both the possibility and current usage of all censorship and control over flow of information on the internet, hence heralding an era of free flow of information throughout the world and destroying practically all mind control that tyrannical governments can hold over their people, in essence ending the era of propaganda and tyranny from the face of this earth forever, using blockchain technology.

Acting Africa

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren Kruger
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
The South ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Offers ◽  
The Invisible

I begin with two images of African actors. The first, from Asinamali by the South African playwright Mbongeni Ngema (1985; Plate 23), shows a group pose drawn directly from protest theatre—angry men in prison khaki, with fists clenched, bodies tensed in readiness and, one can assume, voices raised against the invisible but all too palpable forces of apartheid. The second, from the centenary celebrations of the American Board Mission in South Africa (1935; Plate 24), portrays the ‘smelling-out of a fraudulent umthakathi’ (which can be translated as diviner or trickster), which were followed, on this occasion, by other scenes portraying the civilizing influence of European settlers. While the first offers an image of African agency and modernity in the face of oppression, the second, with its apparently un-mediated reconstruction of pre-colonial ritual and, in its teleological juxtaposition of ‘tribal’ and ‘civilized’ custom, seems to respond to the quite different terms set by a long history of displays, along the lines of the Savage South Africa Show (1900), in which the authenticity of the Africans on stage was derived not from their agency but by their incorporation into the representation of colonial authority.

Contested Colonial Metrological Sovereignty: The daching riot and the regulation of weights and measures in British Malaya

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
POR HEONG HONG ◽  
TAN MIAU ING
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
National Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Drug Sellers

Abstract Drawing on materials from the National Archives of Malaysia, newspapers, literature on historical metrology, and the colonial history of Malaya, this article weaves a social history of Malaya's colonial metrological reform by taking into account the roles of both European and Asian historical actors. Prior to the 1894 reform, people in Malaya used customary scales and weight units, which varied across districts, for commercial transactions. Initiated by colonial administrators, the reform was both welcomed and resisted. In 1897, a riot against the Sanitary Board broke out in Kuala Lumpur for its attempt to mandate that previously exempted traders use only government-verified and -stamped scales. The colonial government managed to maintain order and restore its authority at the end of the riot, but four types of merchants—goldsmiths, silversmiths, opium dealers, and drug sellers—managed to remain exempted. Metrological reform continued to be contested in the following century, but the central concerns of the regulation moved from easing taxation, facilitating cross-district trade, and taming Chinese traders to protecting consumers. More emphasis was placed on educating the public to be able to read scales, in addition to using police force to raid businesses. The enforcement was, however, compromised due to inadequate funds. The reality on the ground contradicts the image of an omnipresent colonial authority and reveals the fragility of colonial administration.

Forestalling Violence: Police Knowledge of Interaction with Political Activists

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Wahlström
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Protest Policing ◽  
And Control

This article explores the reflexive processes among police during a transitional period following a large and traumatic protest event in Sweden, the 2001 European Union summit in Göteborg. The discussion revolves around transformations of the Swedish approach to protest policing and the subsequent attempt to revise "police knowledge" in relation to protest policing. Police constructions of external reality are analyzed with reference to two organizing concepts: provocation and dialogue. Particular attention is paid to attempts by the police to increase their awareness of "counterpart perspectives," and the concomitant use of stereotypes of protesters to maintain police officers' own reality constructions. Perceptions of negotiation with protesters are located in a tension between the poles: dialogue and control. Furthermore, it is argued that the policing philosophy of the Swedish police force has developed from a predominantly reactive approach into one most aptly described as "proactive management" of protest.

“The Greatest Man-Catcher of All”: The First Female Mounties, the Media, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police1

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Reilly Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Royal Canadian Mounted Police ◽  
Broadcast Media ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

The arrival of the first female Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers disrupted the highly masculinized image of a police force that was closely connected to ideal Canadian manhood and the formation of the nation. The absence of women from the historical record allowed the figure of the manly and heroic male Mountie to continue its dominance in official, academic, and popular histories of the police force. Both the print and broadcast media were complicit in disseminating these representations. When the first female Mounties were hired in 1974, editorial cartoonists and journalists frequently portrayed them in highly gendered terms that reflected understandings of femininity in operation in broader Canadian society at the time. The RCMP also articulated the arrival of the first female RCMP officers in gendered terms, reinforcing beliefs about manliness and masculinity as essential attributes for police officers. In contrast to these depictions, the oral histories of female RCMP officers present an alternative perspective that challenged and contested these gendered assumptions, establishing female Mounties as equal participants in the policing activities, and the history, of the RCMP on their own terms.

KHAT IN COLONIAL KENYA: A HISTORY OF PROHIBITION AND CONTROL

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID ANDERSON ◽  
NEIL CARRIER
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
The North ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Vulnerable Community ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Production ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTEfforts to institute a system for the control and prohibition of khat in Kenya are examined in this article. Prohibition was introduced in the 1940s after an advocacy campaign led by prominent colonial officials. The legislation imposed a racialized view of the effect of khat, seeking to protect an allegedly ‘vulnerable’ community in the north of the country while allowing khat to be consumed and traded in other areas, including Meru where ‘traditional’ production and consumption was permitted. Colonial policy took little account of African opinion, although African agency was evident in the failure and ultimate collapse of the prohibition in the face of widespread smuggling and general infringement. Trade in khat became ever more lucrative, and in the final years of colonial rule economic arguments overcame the prohibition lobby. The imposition of prohibition and control indicates the extent to which colonial attitudes towards and beliefs about cultural behaviour among Africans shaped policies, but the story also illustrates the fundamental weakness of the colonial state in its failure to uphold the legislation.

scholarly journals Auto-essentialization: Gender in automated facial analysis as extended colonial project

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205395172110537
Author(s):  
Morgan Klaus Scheuerman ◽  
Madeleine Pape ◽  
Alex Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gender Classification ◽  
Facial Analysis ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
The Face ◽  
White Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Scholars are increasingly concerned about social biases in facial analysis systems, particularly with regard to the tangible consequences of misidentification of marginalized groups. However, few have examined how automated facial analysis technologies intersect with the historical genealogy of racialized gender—the gender binary and its classification as a highly racialized tool of colonial power and control. In this paper, we introduce the concept of auto-essentialization: the use of automated technologies to re-inscribe the essential notions of difference that were established under colonial rule. We consider how the face has emerged as a legitimate site of gender classification, despite being historically tied to projects of racial domination. We examine the history of gendering the face and body, from colonial projects aimed at disciplining bodies which do not fit within the European gender binary, to sexology's role in normalizing that binary, to physiognomic practices that ascribed notions of inferiority to non-European groups and women. We argue that the contemporary auto-essentialization of gender via the face is both racialized and trans-exclusive: it asserts a fixed gender binary and it elevates the white face as the ultimate model of gender difference. We demonstrate that imperialist ideologies are reflected in modern automated facial analysis tools in computer vision through two case studies: (1) commercial gender classification and (2) the security of both small-scale (women-only online platforms) and large-scale (national borders) spaces. Thus, we posit a rethinking of ethical attention to these systems: not as immature and novel, but as mature instantiations of much older technologies.

scholarly journals IATROSACEA FOLLOWING ABUSE OF TOPICAL STEROIDS AS A FACE-WHITENING CREAM IN MOSUL CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Deena Al-Samman ◽  
Mohammed Attar Bashi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Facial Erythema ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Objectives: To highlight the knowledge, frequency, types, and the clinical aspects of overusing TCs on the face as well as the motivation for such practice, with the aim of rising the public awareness in Mosul City. Methods: This prospective observational study included 180 patients aged 13-53 years, with steroid dermatitis resembling rosacea "Iatrosacea" with history of using TCs on face > 1 month, were evaluated at Al-Qudis Health Center for Family Medicine. Patients contradicted using TCs, or with classical rosacea were excluded. Results: The majority were females (90%). Duration was 2 months to 7 years. The motives were fairness (55%) and melasma (19%). The commonly abused drug was Betamethasone Valerate (35%). The reported side effects were facial erythema (84%), telangiectasia (79%), rebound phenomenon (66%), rosacea (56%), and acne (42%). The exacerbation on stopping TCs (63%) and skin lightening (37%) were the main reasons behind continued use; 59% were unaware about side effects of TCs; 42% obtained the products from cosmetic shop/Beautician and 27% from nurse clinic. In spite of observable side effects, 74% of abusers didn't feel guilty for applying them for protracted periods. Conclusion: Inappropriate use of TCs for cosmetic purposes is still commonly encountered in our environment, with believe TCs will correct any facial imperfection. As fair skin is correlated with beauty and social privilege, both genders of different ages, social, and educational status are indulged in this practice that exposed them to medical and social problems. It is a multiphase issue necessitates collaboration of different sectors to raise public awareness and control their easy availability to overcome this dilemma.

scholarly journals Strategic restructuring for effective police system in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Ann Ogbo ◽  
Happiness Ozioma Obi-Anike ◽  
E.K. Agbaeze ◽  
Wilfred Isioma Ukpere
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Force ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Sustainable Performance ◽  
Compensation Package ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
Police System ◽  
And Control

The success of a security outfit depends on the strategies and structure of the organisation. The study aims to unravel the possible ways of positioning the Nigerian Police force for effective service delivery through strategic restructuring. Nigerian police was instituted by the colonial authors on the threshold of oppression to achieve subjection and control. Upon this pattern of operation, the Nigerian police force lost the confidence of the public. To position this agency for desired performance, several changes should be made in the strategies and structure of the force, de-emphasizing on the issues that are no longer recent problems and emphasizing on the current bane of the nation, such as corruption and insecurity. This paper adopted the mono-method qualitative approach which made use of secondary sources of data collection. Findings, revealed that the department of the Force that was responsible for information and intelligent gathering, the CID has lied dormant for long a time due to lack of adequate structure as a background that will add value to the department. Furthermore, the force was bedevilled with poor information gathering due to lack of trust and confidence in the police force, the level of motivation was found to be low, as there were no insurance policies for the Force. It is thus obvious to note that the Nigerian police force has suitable strategies that are capable of a sustainable performance, but it is challenged by lack of corresponding structure to work out the strategies. The study proposed that one DIG in addition to the twelve DIGs should be integrated to man a department with the duty of developing and maintaining good relationship with the public, and providing EFCC, ICPC and other crime related agencies with the needed force in discharging their duties. Finally, there is a need for an upward review of the reward and compensation package of the Nigerian Police Force as a way of stepping up on motivation, particularly in the area of training and re-training of the Police officers. A mind set of seeing a well-trained police officer as an investment to the country’s security sector which translates to security of life and properties must be developed and nurtured.

Parasuicide: Interaction between Inadequate Parenting and Recent Interpersonal Stress

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Silove ◽  
Grahame George ◽  
Vadali Bhavani-Sankaram
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Study ◽  
Interpersonal Stress ◽  
Family Adversity ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Adverse Experiences ◽  
The Face ◽  
Overprotective Parenting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
And Control

We report a controlled study in which we searched for links between early family adversity and recent interpersonal stress in parasuicidal patients. Our subjects reported fewer adverse experiences in childhood than did the younger, predominantly female, patients investigated in previous studies. Nevertheless, 47% of our parasuicidal group, as compared to 19% of control subjects, reported a sequential pattern of relationship difficulties starting in childhood. The pattern of early exposure to neglectful and overprotective parenting followed by recent conflict or separations in adulthood was found to discriminate most clearly between the parasuicidal and control groups. We suggest that factors such as low self-esteem, a sense of helplessness in the face of adversity and an abiding insecurity in intimate relationships may variously account for this heightened vulnerability. We conclude that a history of adverse relationships beginning in childhood should alert primary care-givers to the risk of suicidal behaviour in patients who are exposed to distressing separations or interpersonal conflict.

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