Nutritive value of Lucerne: IV. The Leaf-Stem Ratio.

1935 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Early Flower

In this paper are brought together a number of data concerning the ratio of the amount of leaf to stem in the lucerne crop, at different stages of growth, and the separate composition of the leafy and stemmy fractions.It is shown that the proportion of leaf falls off as the crop advances in maturity, and that the rate of decrease of leafiness is greater before budding than during the period from the beginning of budding to early flower. The changes in the leaf-stem ratio largely account for the fall in protein content, the rise in fibre content and the running-off in digestibility and feeding value that take place as the crop passes through the successive stages of growth up to flowering.

Evaluation of a long-established silvopastoral Brachiaria decumbens system: plant characteristics and feeding value for cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A. Lima ◽  
Domingos S. C. Paciullo ◽  
Fabyano F. Silva ◽  
Mirton J. F. Morenz ◽  
Carlos A. M. Gomide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Signal Grass ◽  
The Difference

One of the main challenges of using a silvopastoral system (SPS) is maintaining pasture and animal productivity over time. Our objective was to compare the productive characteristics and nutritive value of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) and the liveweight gain of dairy heifers in a SPS and open pasture (OP, signal grass under full sunlight) during the rainy seasons of four experiments between 2003 and 2016, which characterised systems from their 6th to 19th years after establishment in south-eastern Brazil when analysed together. The experimental design was a randomised complete block in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme (two production systems (SPS and OP) and four experiments (2003–2004, 2004–2007, 2011–2014 and 2014–2016)). From the 7th year onwards, the progressive reduction of photosynthetically active radiation negatively impacted the productive characteristics of the SPS pasture. Total forage mass was reduced by 19% in SPS compared with the OP in 2004–2007, 38% in 2011–2014 and 31% in 2014–2016. Crude protein content was 23% and 30% higher in the SPS than in the OP in 2011–2014 and 2014–2016, respectively. However, during the study period (until the 19th year), the liveweight gain of heifers was similar between systems since the higher crude protein content available in SPS contributed to improved forage nutritional value. From the 17th to the 19th year, weight gain per area was lower in the SPS compared with the OP (169 vs 199 kg ha–1), although the difference between systems was small. Signal grass presents a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in response to changes in shade levels, which gives this species a high potential for use in SPS.

The composition and nutritive value of seeds hays

1944 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Ferguson ◽  
S. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
First Year ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Crude Fibre Content ◽  
Clover Content

The examination of 108 first year seeds hays showed the average crude protein content to be 9·0 ― and the average crude fibre content 25·7 ―. The crude protein content varied from 5·0 to 13·5 ― and was directly associated with the clover content.Figures obtained on hays cut in the second and third years of the ley suggest that the protein content falls, and the crude fibre content rises, with increasing age of ley.The composition and digestibility of twenty first year hays were determined and the average figures quoted for hays of high, medium and low clover content. The starch equivalent values of these hays were high and moderately constant, varying from 33·3 to 41·2, average 36·8. The protein equivalent values varied from 1·8 to 8·4 ―, average 5·1 ―.The composition and digestibility of four samples of second year seeds hay, two samples of third year hay, one sample of second cut hay in its first year and one sample of lucerne and cocksfoot hay were also determined.

Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics II. The digestibility and nutritive value of three grasses at different stages of growth

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
East African ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
African Grasses ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Tropics

1. The results of nine digestibility trials on three East African grasses, using sheep as experimental animals, are reported.2. In five of the trials Bothriochloa insculpta, at various stages of growth during the season, was used. Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) was used in two trials, as was Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass).3. The results are discussed and are compared with other results from East Africa.4. P. clandestinum has a high digestible protein content and is highly digestible in the early stages of growth, and maintains its high protein content when 9 to 12 in. in height.5. Bothriochloa insculpta and Chloris gayana are moderately highly digestible in the-young stages but are relatively low in digestible protein. As growth ceases during the dry season the digestible protein content falls more rapidly than the starch equivalent with consequent widening of the nutritive ratio.6. It is suggested that the differences between Pennisetum clandestinum and the other grasses may be due to its predominantly vegetative habit.

A comparison of zulu sorghum, bulrush millet and white panicum in terms of yield, forage quality and milk production

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Large Bulk ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Yield and nutritive value of three summer annual forages, hybrid forage sorghum (Sorghum spp. hybrid cv. Zulu), bulrush millet (Pennisetum typhoides cv. Tamworth) and white panicum millet (Echinochloa crusgalli var. edulis) were determined in three experiments. Uninterrupted growth was measured every 2 weeks between 4 and 12 weeks after sowing, and leaf, stem and inflorescence components analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium and dry matter digestibility by an in vitro technique. The value of 10-week-old herbage, from crops grown with 50 kg ha-1 N, was determined by grazing with 18 Jersey cows and by feeding chopped material to 12 cows indoors. White panicum was the lowest yielding forage (up to 6,360 kg ha-1 at 10 weeks) but contained the highest concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in both leaf and stem fractions at all stages of growth. After 10 weeks growth this feed contained a high proportion of seed and was eaten in arger quantities than zulu sorghum or bulrush millet. Cows grazing white panicum produced the highestr lmilk yields (6.5 and 7.1 kg cow-1 day-1 indoors and grazed) and milk from these cows contained a highe solids-not-fat and protein content than milk from cows fed bulrush millet or sorghum. Zulu sorghum was highest yielding (1 1,240 kg ha-1 at 12 weeks in experiment 1 and 81 50 kg ha-1 at 10 weeks in experiment 2). With advancing maturity stem content increased (>80 per cent from 8 weeks onwards) and the nitrogen content of both leaf and stem fractions rapidly declined to sub-optimum levels. Milk production of cows feeding on zulu sorghum was low, averaging 4.7 and 6.0 kg cow-1 day-1 for indoor and grazing experiments. Bulrush millet produced high forage yields with a higher leaf content than zulu sorghum and milk yields were higher. Butterfat content of milk from cows feeding on bulrush millet was lower than when cows were fed the other forages. It was concluded that these three forages are capable of providing a large bulk of feed but their feeding value at a semi-mature stage of growth is similar to perennial tropical pastures.

The composition and nutritive value of hay grown in the east of Scotland and the influence of late applications of nitrogenous fertilizers

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

1. Examination of the composition of hay grown in the east of Scotland during the 4-year period 1948–51 has confirmed earlier work indicating the low protein content of this material. In addition, the digestibility of the protein was found to be low, particularly in the case of the seeds-hays, most of which contained insufficient digestible protein to balance the starch equivalent in meeting the maintenance requirements of cattle.2. In nutritive value the seeds -hays were markedly inferior to samples from England and Wales examined by other workers, but very similar to mature ryegrass hay grown in Northern Ireland. The meadow hays examined were of similar starch equivalent but somewhat richer in protein, and this was associated with a higher digestibility of the protein; in consequence the ratio between digestible protein and starch equivalent was more nearly balanced for the maintenance feeding of cattle.3. Applications of sodium nitrate or ‘Nitrochalk’ about 10–20 days before mowing produced very variable responses in the unusually dry season of 1949, but in other years significant increases in protein content were almost invariably obtained. Low protein seeds-hays of the type commonly found in the Lothians were more responsive to this fertilizer treatment than timothy meadow hay, and while increases in protein content of 20–30% were commonly obtained, when relatively heavy dressings of fertilizer (3 cwt. or more per acre) were used, increases in the region of 50% were sometimes recorded. In most years treatment about 10 days before mowing was fully effective in improving the protein content of the hay. Earlier treatment may be preferable in a very dry season, but in more normal years this may increase the yield of the hay and so diminish the effect on protein percentage.

Nutritive Value of Pasture. VII. The Influence of the Intensity of Grazing on the Yield, Composition and Nutritive Value of Pasture Herbage (Part III).

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
D. B. Norman ◽  
M. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Stages Of Growth

The object of this series of investigations is to secure detailed information concerning the composition, digestibility and nutritive value of pasture herbage in its different stages of growth. The results which were obtained in these respects by cutting the herbage of the experimental pasture plot at weekly, fortnightly and 3-weekly intervals have been described in previous communications. During the seasons of the present investigations (1929 and 1930), the trials have been carried a stage further by the adoption of a system of cutting at monthly intervals. The results, therefore, are invested with special significance, in that a period of four weeks has been tentatively adopted in this country as the interval which is allowed to lapse, in rotational grazing practice, between successive grazings of pasture enclosures.

Proximate composition of male and female African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia zilli) in Jega river, Kebbi state, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
W. M. Namaga ◽  
B. Yahaya ◽  
M. A. Salam
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Juvenile Female ◽  
Significant Difference

Fish is highly nutritious, tasty, and easily digestible. It is much sought after by a broad cross-section of the world’s population, particularly in developing countries as it provides the cheapest protein source. Nigeria is blessed with numerous inland freshwater rivers and lakes scattered all over the country. This freshwater habitat consists of many species of fish that have successfully dominated all niches over time and have for many reasons remained unstudied. The situation concealed a lot of scientific information particularly on food security and safety to the inmates and the country at large. Jega River which transcended many States in the North-Western part of Nigeria to open into the river Niger is one of such rivers largely uncared for, study-wise. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Tilapia (Tilapia zillii) have been wisely selected for the present proximate composition studies. The juveniles of these fishes were purchased from local fishermen in Mariner Waje landing site of the river which flows by Jega town, a local government area in Kebbi State, Nigeria. For the study, the methodology approved by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) was used to determine the proximate composition of the fishes. The highest percentage crude protein content of 49.18 ± 0.30% was observed in juvenile female C. gariepinus; while the lowest protein content of 39.22± 0.50% was observed in juvenile male T. zilli. The highest percentage lipid content of 11.75± 1.50% was observed in juvenile female tilapia; while the lowest percentage lipid content of 6.25± 0.29% was observed in male African catfish. The highest percentage fibre content of 4.00 ± 0.29% was observed in male and female C. gariepinus, while the lowest percentage fibre content of 0.75± 0.29% was observed in male tilapia. There were variations (p< 0.05) when the protein and lipid contents of both the species were compared with each other. There was also a significant difference (p< 0.05) when the carbohydrate contents were compared between the fish species, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) when the fibre content was compared within the species. The analyses showed that both the male and female fish species studied had high protein contents.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physico-Chemical, Nutritional, Mineral, Functional and Phytochemical Analysis in Functional and Nutraceutical Marked Cereals

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
. Shilpa ◽  
Sangita Sood ◽  
Farhan Mohiuddin Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Insoluble Fibre

The present research was done to analyse the physico-chemical, Nutritional, Mineral, functional and phytochemical analysis in Functional cereals; oats, pearl millet, sorghum and finger millet. The protein content of the analyzed cereals varied from 7.45% to 14.69% with oats having higher concentration of protein content. The higher fibre content in oats accounted for its highest WAC while as the lowest fibre content in sorghum (2.35%) masked its WAC despite containing the highest carbohydrate content. Neutral detergent fiber that gives the measurement insoluble fibre was found highest in sorghum (11.29%) and lowest in pearl millet (5.56%). Total sugars comprising of reducing and non reducing sugars were found highest in pearl millet (2.88%) followed by sorghum (2.14%) and the least content was found in finger millet (1.69%). Oats were found to possess highest content of phosphorus (381.02mg/100g) and finger millet the lowest (8.21mg/100g). Resistant starch that is inaccessible to enzymes was found highest in oats (2.69g/100g) and lowest in sorghum (1.74g/100g).

scholarly journals Development of yield and nutritive value of timothy in primary growth and regrowth in northern growing conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. NISSINEN ◽  
P. KALLIAINEN ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The development of the yield and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) both in the primary growth and in the regrowth were studied at MTT Plant Production Research, a unit of MTT Agrifood Research Finland, in Rovaniemi (66°35´N) in 1999–2001. The dry matter yield and leaf:stem ratio were measured from the crop samples, and the contents of crude protein and organic matter digestibility of both whole plant samples and leaf and stem fractions were analysed. In primary growth, the most rapid increase of dry matter, 220–240 kg ha-1 per day, was measured around the beginning of the heading stage. There was a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of stems and the amount of dry matter in the primary yield. The daily growth rate of the regrowth was less than half of that of the primary growth. The fastest decrease, 1 percentage unit per day, in crude protein content was measured at the pasture stage (4–5-leaf stage). During the entire sampling period, the average daily decline in crude protein content in the primary growth of timothy was 0.65 percentage units. The main cause for the rapid decline in crude protein content was the high proportion of stem matter and its low protein content. In the regrowth, during the last four weeks before the harvest, the average daily decline in crude protein content was 0.28 percentage units.The average decline in organic matter digestibility from early pasture stage to late silage stage was 0.9 percentage units per day. The most remarkable change was noticed at the growth stage of timothy when about the half of stems were heading and it was then that the digestibility decreased by more than one percentage unit per day. The rapid decline in organic matter digestibility was due to the low digestibility of stem matter. The daily change in forage digestibility in the regrowth was very small, on average 0.11%.;

scholarly journals Research on Crude Protein Contents in Medicago Sativa Hay Harvest During 2008-2009 Using FT-NIR Spectrometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura DALE ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Vasile FLORIAN ◽  
Roxana VIDICAN ◽  
André THEWIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Crude Protein Content

Medicago sativa or alfalfa is a flowering plant that belongs to Pea Family that is widely grown throughout the world as forage for cattle, and is most often harvested as hay. Usually, alfalfa has the highest nutritive value of all common hay crops. This work aims to highlight a way for direct, non-destructive analysis of crude protein content in alfalfa hays. The primary objective was to build a model for crude protein calibration for alfalfa based on FT-NIR spectroscopy. The samples for analysis were collected over two experimental years (2008-2009) from field trials from the research station– Agricultural Development, Cojocna. In order to construct the model, reference values are needed; for this reason, the crude protein content was determined using the classical Kjeldahl method (Kjeltec Auto Analyser, Tecator). The values for crude protein ranged from 12.63% to 19.12% on the dry matter basis. The regression model’s construction was based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) calculated with the SIMPLS algorithm, using different pre-processing techniques and leave-one-out cross validation. Calibration of the two years together drove to a coefficient of determination for cross validation, R2 of 0.965. The robustness of the model was confirmed by applying it to independent samples (external validation) where the coefficient of determination was R2 = 0.977, RMSEP = 0.8. The results obtained indicated that NIRS can be used to determine crude protein, which could be used as criteria for quality control of alfalfa hays.

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