The composition and nutritive value of hay grown in the east of Scotland and the influence of late applications of nitrogenous fertilizers

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

1. Examination of the composition of hay grown in the east of Scotland during the 4-year period 1948–51 has confirmed earlier work indicating the low protein content of this material. In addition, the digestibility of the protein was found to be low, particularly in the case of the seeds-hays, most of which contained insufficient digestible protein to balance the starch equivalent in meeting the maintenance requirements of cattle.2. In nutritive value the seeds -hays were markedly inferior to samples from England and Wales examined by other workers, but very similar to mature ryegrass hay grown in Northern Ireland. The meadow hays examined were of similar starch equivalent but somewhat richer in protein, and this was associated with a higher digestibility of the protein; in consequence the ratio between digestible protein and starch equivalent was more nearly balanced for the maintenance feeding of cattle.3. Applications of sodium nitrate or ‘Nitrochalk’ about 10–20 days before mowing produced very variable responses in the unusually dry season of 1949, but in other years significant increases in protein content were almost invariably obtained. Low protein seeds-hays of the type commonly found in the Lothians were more responsive to this fertilizer treatment than timothy meadow hay, and while increases in protein content of 20–30% were commonly obtained, when relatively heavy dressings of fertilizer (3 cwt. or more per acre) were used, increases in the region of 50% were sometimes recorded. In most years treatment about 10 days before mowing was fully effective in improving the protein content of the hay. Earlier treatment may be preferable in a very dry season, but in more normal years this may increase the yield of the hay and so diminish the effect on protein percentage.

The Comparative Nutritive Value of Corn of High and Low Protein Content for Growth in the Rat and Chick

1953 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Sauberlich ◽  
Wan-Yui Chang ◽  
W. D. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Low Protein

scholarly journals Nutritive value of the proteins of Bengal gram of high and low protein content

1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Esh ◽  
T. S. De ◽  
U. P. Basu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bengal Gram

Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics I. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the grasses Bothriochloa insculpta, Chloris gayana and Brachiaria dictyoneura, under rotational light grazing, with a note on the persistence of the grasses

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
East African ◽  
African Grasses ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
The Tropics

Seasonal variations in the contents of organic and inorganic constituents of three East African grasses, Bothriochloa insculpta, Chloris gayana and Brachiaria dictyoneura are reported.Protein content is closely associated with rainfall and the stage of growth of the grasses. Protein content of from 15 to 20% is maintained for a short time only, at the beginning of the rainy season. During the dry season the values fall to 4–5%.Even in the vegetative phase the fibre contents are relatively high, 23% being the lowest figure recorded.A common feature of the grasses is a high content of silica, which may amount to more than 10% of the dry matter.The phosphorus content of the grasses is low, ranging from 0·65% P2O5 in young grass during the rainy season to 0·13% during the dry season.

Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics II. The digestibility and nutritive value of three grasses at different stages of growth

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
East African ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
African Grasses ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Tropics

1. The results of nine digestibility trials on three East African grasses, using sheep as experimental animals, are reported.2. In five of the trials Bothriochloa insculpta, at various stages of growth during the season, was used. Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) was used in two trials, as was Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass).3. The results are discussed and are compared with other results from East Africa.4. P. clandestinum has a high digestible protein content and is highly digestible in the early stages of growth, and maintains its high protein content when 9 to 12 in. in height.5. Bothriochloa insculpta and Chloris gayana are moderately highly digestible in the-young stages but are relatively low in digestible protein. As growth ceases during the dry season the digestible protein content falls more rapidly than the starch equivalent with consequent widening of the nutritive ratio.6. It is suggested that the differences between Pennisetum clandestinum and the other grasses may be due to its predominantly vegetative habit.

scholarly journals Effect of initial bacteria cells number and fermentation time on increasing nutritive value of sago flour

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setiyo Gunawan ◽  
Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta ◽  
Ilham Muttaqin Zarkasie ◽  
Wuwuh Wijang Prihandini
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
High Starch Content ◽  
High Starch

Indonesia is the largest sago feedstock in the world. There are about 2 millions ha sago forest that approximately half of the world's sago forest is present in Indonesia. Naturally, sago spreads widely in Papua, while semi-cultivation is in Maluku, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra. The species sago (Metroxylon sago) was used in this study. It has a relatively high starch content (95.99%) with low amylose content (20.61%) and low protein content (1.63%). Modified sago flour is a product from sago flour that modified with fermentation to increase the nutritional value of the sago flour. It can be used as a gluten free flour and low-calorie food products. The bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) was used in the fermentation. However, the color of the modified sago flour is off-white, if the fermentation time is too long. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of fermentation time and initial bacteria cells number on increasing nutritive value of sago flour. The variables used were fermentation times (12, 24, and 36 h) and initial bacteria cells number (7 x 1010, 7 x 1011, 1.05 x 1012, and 3,05 1012 cells of L. plantarum). The result showed that amylose and protein content increased from 20.61% to 33,06% and from 1.41% to 4.11%, respectively, with bacterial variables of 3,5 x 1012 and fermentation time of 36 h.

Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics III. The digestibility and nutritive value of grass and legume hays and ‘standing hays’

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Species Being

1. The results are presented of two series of digestibility trials. The first series consists of six grass hays, cut at different stages of growth, and two legume hays cut at the flowering stage. The second series consists of trials using seven species of grasses at the ‘standing hay’ stage.2. Good-quality grass hays are obtained from grasses at the flowering stage. More mature grasses yield poor- or very poor-quality hays of low-protein content.3. The legume hays were of good quality, being particularly high in digestible protein.4. The grasses at the ‘standing hay’ stage are generally of poor feeding value, Brachiaria brizantha, a drought-resistant species, being the best of the seven studied.5. From these results a tentative conclusion is drawn that, during the dry season, the extensive grazing areas of East Africa are capable of providing, at the most, for the maintenance requirements of ruminants.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE CHEMISTRY OF SEROUS EFFUSIONS

1914 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Albumin Ratio ◽  
Two Fluids ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Purulent Fluid

A comparison of the results obtained in the analysis of the different effusions shows that they vary, (1) according to location, and (2) according to the disease in which they are produced. Thus the subcutaneous effusions are totally different in their composition from the abdominal or pleuritic fluids; and again the abdominal fluid of nephritic origin is different from those of cardiac or other origin. The cutaneous effusions are characterized by a very low protein content and a small amount of incoagulable nitrogen. Of the protein present in these fluids, the globulin constitutes the greater portion. In the mixed cardionephritic fluids the ratio of globulin to albumin is lower than that in normal blood serum; but when compared with the blood sera of cardionephritic cases there appears to be a certain parallelism. The chloride content of these fluids is considerably above that found in normal blood serum, but is comparable with those of corresponding cases. The effusions occurring in serous cavities differ from the cutaneous ones by their higher protein content. The highest values are attained in the pleural fluids, in which the protein present is almost the same as that in normal blood serum. The incoagulable nitrogen in these fluids is uniformly low. The chlorides vary in amount according to the nature of the case. In the effusions of inflammatory origin the values are lower than those found in the blood. In the pleural fluids of other than inflammatory origin the chloride content is either the same or higher than that of blood serum. The globulin-albumin ratio in all of these fluids except one (table III, fluid 61) is higher than that of normal blood serum. Otherwise the highest value is presented by a pleural fluid from a case of nephritis (table III, fluid 205) and the lowest by an empyema fluid (table III, fluid 30). The latter case is of especial interest because of the theory, first propounded by Schmidt, that the leucocytes in the purulent fluid are largely responsible for high globulin content. The abdominal fluids in general are less rich in protein than the pleural effusions. Those of cardiac origin give the highest protein values, but the globulin-albumin ratios are lower than in the pleural fluids or in the blood sera of corresponding cases. Only in two fluids does the globulin reach a percentage of 62 and 52.2. In both these cases the chloride content is also high. The incoagulable nitrogen in all of them is rather low. In one fluid of purely nephritic origin the protein content is low and all of it is globulin. This is suggestive, when compared with the values obtained in the analysis of the blood sera from nephritic cases. The results obtained in the analysis of abdominal fluids from cardionephritic cases approach very closely those obtained in purely cardiac cases.

Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palle V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christian F. Børsting
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

scholarly journals Sensory Acceptability and Proximate Composition of 3-Blend Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Ama Frempomaa Oduro ◽  
Firibu Kwesi Saalia ◽  
Maame Yaakwaah Blay Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Acceptance Testing ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Preference Mapping ◽  
Relative Preference ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
Melon Seeds

Limitations of plant-based dairy alternatives as sustainable foods are their relatively low protein content and low sensory appeal. In this study, we used a consumer-led product development approach to improve the sensory appeal of existing prototypes of 3-blend dairy alternatives produced from melon seeds, peanuts and coconut. We used Relative Preference Mapping (RPM) and consumer acceptance testing using the 9-point hedonic scale to respectively identify innovative flavours and deduce the effect of ingredient components on consumer sensory appeal. Mixture design was used as the formulation tool to obtain optimized prototypes of the 3-blend dairy alternatives. Proximate analysis of the new prototypes, instrumental color assessment and consumer testing provided a basis to select a sustainable 3-blend dairy alternative. This prototype had a relatively high protein content (2.16%), was considered innovative by target consumers and also had a moderate liking score (6.55 ± 1.88) on the 9-point hedonic scale. Prototypes with higher protein content had low sensory appeal and were not considered innovative. Other prototypes with innovative sensory appeal had low protein content. By combining different plant raw materials and utilizing different sensory testing methods, we were able to design sustainable plant-based dairy alternatives which can be further optimized.

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