The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the ensiling characteristics of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Growing Seasons

SUMMARYThe effect of three levels of N fertilizer on the ensiling characteristics of S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot have been examined during first growth in two growing seasons. The effects of sucrose supplementation, inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum and wilting were also examined in certain cuts. All silages were made in the laboratory using a small scale vacuum silage technique.The perennial ryegrass herbage was higher in water soluble carbohydrates than the cocksfoot, N fertilizers decreased soluble carbohydrates and dry-matter content in both species. Buffering capacity was not consistently different between grasses or between N levels.Herbage was cut at two stages of maturity in the first year. In the first cut (8 days before ear emergence), perennial ryegrass silages were well preserved irrespective of the amount of N applied to the grass. Cocksfoot silages were well preserved only when the lowest level of N fertilizer had been applied (50 kg/ha). Supplementation of cocksfoot with sucrose prior to ensiling markedly improved silage quality, but inoculation had no effect. In the second cut (26 days after ear emergence) the grasses were higher in drymatter content and showed a lower buffering capacity, but neither ryegrass nor cocksfoot silages were well preserved unless supplemented with sucrose prior to ensiling.In the second year of the experiment only one cut was taken (9 days after ear emergence). As in the previous year, silages made from herbage at a late stage of growth were poorly preserved. Wilting prior to ensiling resulted in well-preserved silages.It is concluded that the need for additives and wilting to ensure satisfactory preservation varies in relation to the variety of grass used and its stage of growth.

The ensiling characteristics of different herbage species and varieties

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYThe ensiling characteristics of grasses and of red clover were examined by means of a small scale vacuum silage technique. Eight grasses, comprising three varieties each of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot and two varieties of timothy, were evaluated after application of two levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Three varieties of red clover were evaluated at two stages of growth with and without sucrose supplementation during ensiling.Perennial ryegrass varieties contained more water soluble carbohydrates than cocksfoot and timothy varieties. At the low level of fertilizer N, silages made from the first cut in mid-May were all well preserved 3 weeks after ensiling. At the high level of fertilizer only perennial ryegrass varieties and S345 cocksfoot were well preserved. After ensiling for 14 weeks perennial ryegrass silages remained well preserved but secondary fermentation in the cocksfoot and timothy varieties resulted in poor preservation. Silages made from the second cut at the end of May were all badly preserved except for silage made from tetraploid ryegrass at the low nitrogen level.Significant correlations were established between the water soluble carbohydrate content of the grasses and the quality of the resulting silage, but herbage dry-matter content and buffering capacity were not significantly correlated with silage quality.The red clover varieties were lower in water soluble carbohydrate and higher in buffering capacity than the grasses. Although the silages from red clover were well preserved they were of high pH. Supplementation with sucrose significantly reduced pH and ammonia content and increased lactic-acid content.

scholarly journals Influence of lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria on the physicochemical parameters of alfalfa silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012036
Author(s):  
A Bogdanova ◽  
A Payuta ◽  
A Alekseev ◽  
A Konovalov
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Thermophilic Streptococci

Abstract The study is aimed at studying the effect of a microbiological preparation consisting of lactic acid bacteria, thermophilic streptococci and cellulolytic bacteria on the quality of alfalfa silage with different dry matter content. Determined pH, content of organic acids, dry matter and nutrients, including carbohydrates. Inoculant application increased crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber and reduced water-soluble carbohydrates in silage. The preservation of nutrients in the test samples was higher than that of the control. pH corresponded to optimal values; however, lactic acid fermentation proceeded more intensively in the sample with an increased dry matter content.

scholarly journals An ideotype of forage maize for north-west Europe.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-147
Author(s):  
P.C. Struik
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
North West ◽  
Crop Density

Morphological and physiological characteristics of an ideal genotype are described. High dry-matter yield is required and therefore the ideotype needs to have high crop-density tolerance and efficient photosynthesis. Low susceptibility to pests and diseases is important. A stocky stem would benefit intake, yield and lodging resistance but reduce digestibility and dry-matter content. Selection for root-lodging resistance might reduce whole-plant yield. Improvement of cellular contents is of little importance, but cell-wall digestibility could be improved without strongly affecting yield. To be of high nutritional value, the stover must have sufficient dry-matter content (30-35%) and a moderate level of water-soluble carbohydrates. The ideotype should have an early silking date, a large ear and a slow rate of grain filling. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Diurnal changes in the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in Phalaris aquatica L. pasture in spring, and the effect of short-term shading

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Ciavarella ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
I. M. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Early Afternoon

The concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and its components, starch, total nitrogen, and dry matter of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian) pasture were varied by shading for periods ranging from 38.5 to 46.5 h. In unshaded pasture, WSC concentrations were lowest at sunrise [103 mg/g dry matter (DM)] and increased until early afternoon (to 160 mg/g DM). Sucrose and starch increased in concentration during daylight, whilst the concentrations of glucose, fructose, fructan, and a component of WSC considered to be mainly the carbohydrate moiety of glycoside(s) were relatively constant. The concentrations of starch, and all components of WSC except sucrose, were reduced by shading, but increased to the concentrations observed in the unshaded pasture within 2–4 h after removal of the cover. The fructans present in phalaris were determined to be oligosaccharides of degree of polymerisation (DP) 3 and DP 4 and high molecular mass fructans with DP >10. Nitrogen concentration of shaded pasture was initially higher (4.7% DM) than in unshaded pasture (3.9% DM), but decreased after removal of the shade cover. Dry matter content was reduced in shaded pasture, partly due to increased retention of water on the exterior of plants. The experiment was a precursor for a grazing trial in which the WSC content of pasture was to be altered by shading. It indicated that shading would potentially alter WSC and N concentrations, and DM content, but would have only a relatively small impact on the digestibility of the pasture.

Effects of dry-matter content on the nutritive value of individually wrapped round-bale timothy silage fed to sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Beaulieu ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
P. Savoie ◽  
D. Tremblay ◽  
R. Thériault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Chopped Grass

Thirty-two sheep (30.0 kg avg. BW) were used to study the effects of dry-matter (DM) content at harvest on the nutritive value of timothy grass silages conserved as round bales of high (52.1%, DM50), medium (39.9%, DM40) and low (23.1%, DM25) DM. Chopped grass of 24.4% DM conserved in a horizontal silo (HS) was used as a control. Gross energy, crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were similar for all silages (P > 0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents decreased as DM of the silages decreased (P < 0.05). Acid detergent lignin and ash contents were highest in HS and lowest in DM40 silages (P < 0.05). Silage pH and water-soluble carbohydrates decreased with decreasing DM of the silages (P < 0.05), while ammonia-N and lactate levels increased (P < 0.05). Acetate concentrations in round bales were lower than in HS silage (P < 0.05). Significant butyrate concentrations were detected only in DM25 silage. Round-bale silages were chopped before feeding and fed ad libitum. DM intake was 14.5% higher for DM50 and DM40 silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.001). Average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher for high-DM silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.01). Apparent digestibilities of NDF, cellulose and crude fiber of the silages were similar, but DM, organic matter, energy and hemicellulose digestibilities were higher for HS than for DM25 silage. Apparent digestibilities of ADF and CP were higher for high-DM silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.04). The results indicate that to obtain good-quality silage, the DM content of round bales should be 40–50%. The better performance obtained with high-DM silages was indicative of a more efficient utilization of metabolizable energy for gain. Key words: Round-bale silage, timothy, forage

scholarly journals Effect of Wilting Intensity, Dry Matter Content and Sugar Addition on Nitrogen Fractions in Lucerne Silages

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hartinger ◽  
Nina Gresner ◽  
Karl-Heinz Südekum
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Sugar Addition

Pre-ensiling treatments can significantly influence the composition of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) silages (LS). Besides dry matter (DM) content and availability of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), wilting intensity may exert a strong impact on the crude protein (CP; nitrogen [N] × 6.25) fractions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of DM level, wilting intensity, and sucrose addition on N compounds and fermentation products in LS. Pure lucerne stand (cultivar Plato) was wilted with either high or low intensity to DM contents of 250 and 350 g kg−1, respectively, and ensiled with or without the addition of sucrose. Non-protein-N (NPN) concentration in LS was affected by all pre-ensiling treatments and with 699 g kg−1 CP, NPN was lowest in high-intensity wilted high-DM LS with sucrose addition. No effects were observed on in vitro-estimated concentrations of utilizable CP at the duodenum, a precursor to metabolizable protein. Sucrose addition and higher DM level decreased acetic acid and ammonia-N concentration in the silages. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the beneficial manipulation of CP fractions in LS by high-intensity wilting to higher DM contents and that the provision of WSC may be necessary for sufficient silage fermentation and protein preservation.

scholarly journals Effect of red clover/timothy ratio on the protein feeding value and the quality of silage

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist ◽  
Eeva Pekkarinen ◽  
Jouko Setälä
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
True Protein

Five silages having different proportions of red clover and timothy (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100) were preserved in five glass-fibre silos of 0.4 m 3. Chopped red clover and timothy were mixed during ensiling and preserved with AIV II solution (80 % formic acid and 2 % orthophosphoric acid), applied at the rate of 6 l/1000kg fresh material. The timothy sward was fertilized with 100kg N/ha and the red clover with 15kg N/ha. The dry matter content in red clover was 14.5 % and in timothy 18.6%, and the crude protein content of DM 22.9 % and 11.5 %, respectively. True protein formed 75—76 % of crude protein in both herbages and the proportion of watersoluble N in total N was 32 % in red clover and 36 % in timothy. The rumen degradability of protein during the first two hours was under 10 % in both herbages; after 18 and 24h ours it was 76 % and 87 % in red clover, and 65 % and 70 % in timothy. In red clover the contents of lysine, methionine and cysteine were 5.7 g, 0.4 g and 0.9 g/16 g N, respectively, the corresponding values for timothy being 4.8 g, 0.7 g and 1.4g/16 g N. In red clover the content of water-soluble carbohydrates was 10.6 % of DM and in timothy 16.5 %; the contents of plant acids were 6.7 % and 3.5 % of DM, respectively. Red clover contained 10.9g Ca/kg DM and timothy 3.1 g Ca. The total amount of inorganic constituents was also higher in red clover than in timothy. Although the chemical composition of red clover was less suitable for ensiling than the composition of timothy, the quality of all the silages was good. During ensiling the decrease in the proportion of true protein in crude protein and the increase in the proportion of watersoluble N in total N were smaller in red clover than in timothy silage. These changes were reflected in the ruminal protein degradation, which seemed to be slower when they were small. The amino acid profile of the protein did not alter during ensiling. The ensiling losses were higher in the silages containing red clover than in the timothy silage. This conserned especially the effluent losses and surface spoilage of the feed.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF GENUS BACTERIA BACILLUS ON QUALITY OF Lactuca sativa L.

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
O. V. Doroshchuk ◽  
J. N. Kalatskaja ◽  
N. A. Laman ◽  
V. V. Minkova ◽  
M. N. Mandrik-Litvinkovich
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Wide Range

Primal problem of vegetable growing is constant supply of the population with all types of vegetables, including green cultures. Green cultures are vegetables that have high nutritional value and precocity. However they often are infected by phytopathogenic microorganisms already at initial stages of ontogenesis at cultivation in closed soil conditions. It leads to emergence of disjointed shoots, deterioration of growth and development of plants and loss of quality. Now in the Republic of Belarus a number of biological substances on the basis of bacteria Bacillus was developed. They are used against diseases of plants of mushroom and bacterial etiology. However there is not information about influence of bacteria on quality of products of green cultures. The aim of the work was studying of influence of two strains of bacteria Bacillus that were introduced in peat substrate on efficiency and quality of lettuce. Two strains of bacteria Bacillus were used in the work. They were selected from the soil. The strains are Bacillus subtilis M9/6 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM that have high antagonistic activity to a wide range of phytopathogens. Cultivation of plants carried out in containers of 250 ml under light installations with illuminating intensity 13-15 thousand luxury and lasting irradiating of 14 hours before technical ripeness of lettuce. It was established that the application of strain Bacillus subtilis M9/6 (in concentration 106 cells/ml, 10 ml/l of substrate) and the strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM (5 ml/l of substrate) in substrate before sowing increased nutrition value of lettuce. Dry matter content, water-soluble carbohydrates (mono - and disaccharides) content and vitamin C content increased. The bacterial strain B. amyloliquefaciens 23TM also promoted accumulation of vitamin B2. The content of nitrates in lettuce leaves decreased on 50,3% and 39,1%, respectively. It was shown that the application of bacteria in substrate before sowing of crop has a greater influence on quality of lettuce, than watering of shoots.

Yield and quality components in maize grown for silage

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Thomson ◽  
H. H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Soluble Components

SUMMARYResults from three trials are presented. The main variables were date of harvest, plant density and variety. Measurements were made of whole-crop yields and yields from plant fractions (leaf, stem, cob). Quality components—digestibility, acid-pepsin solubility, water-soluble carbohydrates, nitrogen and ash—were estimated for whole crop and fractions. There were successive samplings for quality components.Whole-crop yield from fractions and yield of quality components increased with density. Whole-crop yield differed significantly with harvesting date as did all fractions except cob, although the proportion of cob increased with time. The earlier harvesting date gave greater yields of quality components.There was no effect of density on the dry-matter content but later harvesting resulted in higher dry matter.The only quality component affected by density was nitrogen content but there were large effects of harvesting date on digestibility and the acid-pepsin components.Regressions were computed for quality components on dry-matter proportion of cob and the dry-matter content of the whole crop. Regressions were significant for the acid-pepsin soluble components and the water-soluble carbohydrate component on the proportion of cob. Regressions of digestibility and pepsin-soluble components (total and organic) on dry-matter content were significant.The implications of these findings to the breeding of maize varieties are discussed.

scholarly journals Nutritive value and production of yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) in Waikato dairy pastures validating Farmax model assumptions

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
K.N. Tozer ◽  
C.A. Cameron ◽  
R.M. Greenfield ◽  
C.B. Glassey
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
The Impact

Yellow bristle grass is a C4 summeractive annual weed prevalent in the upper North Island Its production and nutritive value was assessed onfarm to validate the assumptions used in a published Farmax model on the impact of yellow bristle grass The percentage ground cover of yellow bristle grass averaged 9 in a survey of 39 central Waikato dairy pastures assessed each February over 8 years Yellow bristle grass dry matter content peaked in February Herbage production of patches of yellow bristle grass was greater than patches of perennial ryegrass when assessed over one yellow bristle grass growing season Nutritive value was lower for yellow bristle grass than perennial ryegrass over two consecutive growing seasons Given the prevalence of yellow bristle grass in Waikato dairy pastures its lower nutritive value and more vigorous growth than perennial ryegrass it is likely to have a negative impact on the performance of sown pasture species Findings support the assumptions used in the Farmax model

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