Results from experiments with winter wheat, spring barley and grass, comparing a liquid N-fertilizer either alone or with added herbicide, and top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ without or with herbicide sprayed alone

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
S. C. R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Better Than

SummaryDuring 1970–3 three experiments with winter wheat, three with spring barley, two with permanent grass and one with perennial ryegrass measured the effects of a liquid N-fertilizer (26% N) sprayed over the leaves either alone or with a herbicide added to it. ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (21% N) was used as the standard for comparison. The liquid N-fertilizer was made from urea and ammonium nitrate; the herbicide was a mixture of dichlorprop and MCPA. Each experiment tested all combinations of the two N fertilizers applied to give 38, 75 or 113 kg N/ha without the herbicide and with either 2·8, 5·6 (recommended dose) or 8·4 1/ha of herbicide. The 24 treatments were applied to winter wheat at growth stages 4–5 of the Feekes scale, to barley at growth stage 5 and to grass in late spring and again to regrowth after cutting.Herbicide alone sometimes scorched the leaves but seldom badly. Liquid N-fertilizer nearly always scorched the leaves and the amount of scorch was increased by adding herbicide; scorch also was increased by increasing the amount of either and so was most severe when most liquid fertilizer and most herbicide were sprayed together; this damage did not decrease yields appreciably except when only 38 kg N/ha was given.Spraying the herbicide with the liquid fertilizer always gave slightly better weed control than herbicide alone in the wheat, but not always in the barley; in the grass, weed control was no better than from herbicide alone.‘Nitro-Chalk’ gave larger yields of wheat grain than the liquid N-fertilizer did in seven of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 20 of 27 with it, of barley grain in five of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 15 of 27 with it, of permanent grass in 25 of 27 comparisons without herbicide and in 70 of 81 with it, and of perennial ryegrass in nine of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 25 of 27 with it. Thus herbicide did not alter the advantage that ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had.Percentages of N in the crops were larger with ‘Nitro-Chalk’ than with the liquid N-fertilizer but were changed little by herbicide.

Results from two experiments with winter wheat, comparing top-dressings of a liquid N-fertilizer either alone or with added herbicide or mildew fungicide or both, and of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ without or with the herbicide or fungicide or both

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Wheat Leaves

SUMMARYExperiments with winter wheat in 1972 and 1973 tested all combinations of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ ν. liquid N-fertilizer, 56 ν. 112 kg N/ha, 0 ν 5·6 1/ha of herbicide (2·8 kg acid equivalent/ha) and 0 ν 0·7 1/ha of mildew fungicide, all applied at growth stage 4–5 of the Feekes scale. The liquid fertilizer (26 % N) was a solution of ammonium nitrate and urea, the herbicide was a mixture of dichlorprop and MCPA and the mildew fungicide contained 75 % (w/v) of the active ingredient tridemorph.The herbicide and mildew fungicide were sprayed either alone or together and neither scorched the wheat leaves. Liquid N-fertilizer by itself slightly scorched the wheat leaves and scorch was increased by adding herbicide to it, but more by adding the fungicide and most by adding both; it was then severe, especially with 112 kg N/ha.Weed control after adding herbicide to the liquid fertilizer was at least as good as from herbicide sprayed alone.In July, foliar diseases were much more severe with 112 than with 56 kg N/ha, but effects of the other treatments, including fungicide, on foliar diseases, were then very small.With 56 kg N/ha, yields were slightly larger with ‘Nitro-Chalk’ alone than with the liquid N-fertilizer alone, but with 112 kg N/ha they were slightly larger with the liquid fertilizer; adding herbicide to the liquid fertilizer did not change these results. With either amount of N, adding mildew fungicide to the liquid fertilizer made it less good than ‘Nitro-Chalk’, presumably because of the damage from leaf scorch; adding both herbicide and fungicide to the liquid fertilizer increased the damage.

Integration of Weed Management and Tillage Practices in Spring Barley Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew J. Lyon ◽  
Frank L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System

Spring barley can be used to diversify and intensify winter wheat-based production systems in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of tillage system and weed management level (WML) on weed control and spring barley grain yield when grown in a winter wheat-spring barley-spring dry pea rotation. A long-term integrated pest management field study examined the effects of three WMLs (minimum, moderate, and maximum) and two tillage systems (conservation and conventional) on weed control and barley grain yield. Total weed biomass at harvest was 8.0 and 59.7 g m−2for the maximum and minimum WMLs, respectively, in the conservation tillage system, but was similar and averaged 12.2 g m−2for all three WMLs in the conventional tillage system. Despite greater weed biomass with minimum weed management in the conservation tillage system, barley grain yields averaged 5,060 and 4,780 kg ha−1for the conservation tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively. The benefits of conservation tillage require adequate herbicide inputs.

Experiments comparing ‘break crops’ as a preparation for winter wheat followed by spring barley

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Prew ◽  
G. V. Dyke
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Take All

SummaryOats, clover, beans (Vicia) and maize were tested as ‘break crops’ in three experiments on land cropped frequently with wheat or barley. Barley was used as a ‘no-break’ control treatment. Test crops were winter wheat followed by spring barley; they received N-fertilizer at four rates. After barley wheat had much take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici); all the break crops decreased the take-all effectively and equally. Other soil-borne diseases were unimportant. N-fertilizer required for best yields was less, by 100 kg N/ha after clover and by 50 kg after beans, or maize, than after barley or oats. Best yields after oats, beans, clover were respectively I·O, 1·2, 1·4 t/ha better than after barley. Differences in take-all explain much of these effects. Ploughed-in trefoil did not affect take-all but gave small increases in yield. Percentage N in wheat grain was increased by fertilizer-N; it was greater after barley, maize or clover than after oats. Effects on the following barley, except those of N-fertilizer, were small.

Spring top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ and late sprays of a liquid N-fertilizer and a broad spectrum fungicide for consecutive crops of winter wheat at Saxmundham, Suffolk

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Content ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer

SummaryAn experiment at Saxmundham, Suffolk, during 1974–6, tested late sprays of a liquid N-fertilizer (ammonium nitrate/urea) supplying 50 kg N/ha, and a broad spectrum fungicide (benomyl and maneb with mancozeb) on winter wheat given, 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N/ha as ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (ammonium nitrate/calcium carbonate) in springMildew (Erysiphe graminisf. sp. tritici) was most severe in 1974. It was increased by N and decreased by the fungicide in both 1974 and 1975, but was negligible in 1976. Septoria (S. nodorum) was very slight in 1974 and none was observed in 1976. It was much more severe in 1975, but was unaffected by the fungicide perhaps because this was applied too late.Yield and N content, number of ears and leaf area index were determined during summer on samples taken from all plots given 100 or 150 kg N/ha in spring; each was larger with 150 than with 100 kg N/ha. The effects of the liquid N-fertilizer on yield and N content varied, but leaf area index was consistently increased. None was affected consistently by the fungicide.Yields, percentages of N in, and amounts of N removed by grain and straw were greatly and consistently increased by each increment of ‘Nitro-Chalk’. Yields of grain were increased (average, 9%) by the liquid fertilizer in 1974 and 1975, and most where most ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had been given, but not in 1976 when the wheat ripened in July; however, both the percentage of N in and the amount of N removed by the grain were increased by the liquid fertilizer each year. The fungicide increased the response to the liquid N-fertilizer in 1974, but not in 1975 when Septoria was not controlled, nor in 1976 when leaf diseases were virtually absent.The weight of 1000 grains was increased by each increment of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ in 1975 but only by the first one (50 kg N/ha) in 1974 and 1976; it was very slightly increased by the liquid fertilizer and by fungicide each year.

Synergism of Grass Weed Control with Postemergence Combinations of SAN 582 and Fluazifop-P, Imazethapyr, or Sethoxydim

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Scott ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Randall L. Ratliff ◽  
Larry J. Newsom
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Better Than

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate early postemergence (POST) tank mixtures of SAN 582 with fluazifop-P, imazethapyr, or sethoxydim. In the greenhouse, SAN 582 synergistically improved barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, and johnsongrass control from imazethapyr and sethoxydim. Half-rates of imazethapyr and sethoxydim tank-mixed with SAN 582 controlled grass weeds as well as full rates of either herbicide applied alone. Grass weed control with imazethapyr increased up to 40% with the addition of SAN 582. In field experiments, SAN 582 increased grass control with imazethapyr to a lesser degree than observed in the greenhouse. In a multispecies study, grass weed control increased up to 15% when SAN 582 was tank-mixed with a reduced rate of imazethapyr, although the full rate of imazethapyr applied POST with or without SAN 582 controlled grass weeds 80% or less. The combination of SAN 582 with sethoxydim was synergistic for barnyardgrass and johnsongrass control in this experiment. When applied POST in soybean, SAN 582 plus fluazifop-P or sethoxydim controlled barnyardgrass throughout the season better than a single POST application of a graminicide.

The integration of herbicides with mechanical weeding for weed control in winter wheat

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. BLAIR ◽  
P. A. JONES ◽  
R. H. INGLE ◽  
N. D. TILLETT ◽  
T. HAGUE
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Grass Weed

Two systems for integrated weed control in winter wheat based around the combination of herbicides with cultural control have been investigated and compared with conventional practice in experiments between 1993 and 2001. These systems were (a) an overall spray of a reduced herbicide dose followed by spring tine harrow weeding and (b) the combination of herbicide applied over the crop row with a novel vision guided inter-row hoe. The latter required wheat to be established with a wider (22 cm) inter-row spacing than standard (12·5 cm). Experiments over 10 sites/seasons indicated that this increased spacing could be achieved without yield loss. Trials to measure the accuracy of hoe blade lateral positioning using the vision guidance system indicated that error was normally distributed with standard deviation of 12 mm and a bias that could be set to within 1 cm. This performance could be maintained through the normal hoeing period and the crop row location and tracking techniques were robust to moderate weed infestation. In the absence of weeds neither overall harrowing nor inter-row hoeing affected winter wheat yield, 1000-seed weight or specific weight in 12·5 or 22 cm rows. When combined with inter-row hoeing, manually targeted banded applications of fluazolate, pendimethalin or isoproturon reduced grass weed levels and increased yields over untreated controls, though better results were obtained using overall herbicides. However, improvements would be possible with more accurately targeted herbicide applications and more effective inter-row grass weed control. The implications and costs of using such an integrated system are discussed and requirements for future developments identified.

Evaluation of sequential applications of quizalofop-P-ethyl and florpyrauxifen-benzyl in acetyl CoA carboxylase-resistant rice

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tameka L. Sanders ◽  
Jason A. Bond ◽  
Benjamin H. Lawrence ◽  
Bobby R. Golden ◽  
Thomas W. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Sequential Treatments ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase ◽  
Grass Weed

Abstract Information on performance of sequential treatments of quizalofop-P-ethyl with florpyrauxifen-benzyl on rice is lacking. Field studies were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Stoneville, MS, to evaluate sequential timings of quizalofop-P-ethyl with florpyrauxifen-benzyl included in preflood treatments of rice. Quizalofop-P-ethyl treatments were no quizalofop-P-ethyl; sequential applications of quizalofop-P-ethyl at 120 g ha−1 followed by (fb) 120 g ai ha−1 applied to rice in the 2- to 3-leaf (EPOST) fb the 4-leaf to 1-tiller (LPOST) growth stages or LPOST fb 10 d after flooding (PTFLD); quizalofop-P-ethyl at 100 g ha−1 fb 139 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST or LPOST fb PTFLD; quizalofop-P-ethyl at 139 g ha−1 fb 100 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST and LPOST fb PTFLD; and quizalofop-P-ethyl at 85 g ha−1 fb 77 g ha−1 fb 77 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST fb PTFLD. Quizalofop-P-ethyl was applied alone and in mixture with florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 29 g ai ha−1 LPOST. Visible rice injury 14 d after PTFLD (DA-PTFLD) was no more than 3%. Visible control of volunteer rice (‘CL151’ and ‘Rex’) 7 DA-PTFLD was similar and at least 95% for each quizalofop-P-ethyl treatment. Barnyardgrass control with quizalofop-P-ethyl at 120 fb 120 g ha−1 LPOST fb PTFLD was greater (88%) in mixture with florpyrauxifen-benzyl. The addition of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to quizalofop-P-ethyl increased rough rice yield when quizalofop-P-ethyl was applied at 100 g ha−1 fb 139 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST. Sequential applications of quizalofop-P-ethyl at 120 g ha−1 fb 120 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST, 100 g ha−1 fb 139 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST, or 139 g ha−1 fb 100 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST controlled grass weed species. The addition of florpyrauxifen-benzyl was not beneficial for grass weed control. However, because quizalofop-P-ethyl does not control broadleaf weeds, florpyrauxifen-benzyl could provide broad-spectrum weed control in acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase–resistant rice.

Availability to subsequent crops and leaching of nitrogen in 15N-labelled sugarbeet tops and oilseed rape residues

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Thomsen ◽  
B. T. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Subsequent Crop

SUMMARYIn autumn 1991, sugarbeet tops (Beta vulgaris L.) and different components of oilseed rape residues (Brassica napus L.), both labelled with 15N, were incorporated into the soil under field conditions at Askov Experimental Station, Denmark, using stainless steel cylinders to contain the treatments. The availability of this labelled N to a subsequent crop was measured, using as test crops autumn-sown rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In spring 1992, cylinders with 15 N-residues received NH4NO3 and those without 15NH415NO3. In a parallel experiment, 15N-labelled beet tops were incorporated in lysimeters. A four-course rotation of sugarbeet, spring barley (undersown with perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L.), perennial ryegrass and winter wheat at two rates of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or animal slurry was grown in these lysimeters. Leaching and the availability of beet top N to successive crops were followed for 2 years. The soil in the cylinders and lysimeters was a light sandy loam (˜ 10% clay).Of the 7·10 g N/m2 added in beet tops, 10–15% was harvested in two subsequent crops of barley and ryegrass and 13–19% was lost by nitrate leaching. Beet top N accounted for 3–7% of the total N offtake in 1992. In 1993 < 1·5% of the total N offtake in ryegrass was from the beet tops applied in 1991. Combining results from mineral fertilized treatments, it was found that 9% of the beet top N was removed in the first cereal crop, 9% was lost by nitrate leaching and 68% remained in the 0–20 cm soil layer (including roots), suggesting that the denitrification loss was < 15%.Incorporation of oilseed rape stubble (1·35 g N/m2), two rates of pods (6·25 and 18·75 g N/m2) or mixed residues (12·25 g N/m2) contributed 0·5, 2·3, 7·4 and 4·6%, respectively, to the total N harvested in the following crop of winter wheat. The percentage of the added labelled N taken up by the wheat ranged from 4·9 to 6·1%, with 60–79% remaining in the 0–20 cm layer after harvest.For beet tops it was calculated that 100 kg N/ha in residues incorporated in the autumn could replace 18 kg N/ha given in the following spring as mineral fertilizer. For oilseed residues, the corresponding average value was 9 kg N/ha.In fertilized cropping systems, oilseed rape residues had minor effects on the subsequent crop, so that an uneven return of residues, as often occurs with combined crops, would do little harm. A considerable proportion of the N applied in sugarbeet tops was lost by leaching and the residual value of the sugarbeet tops to subsequent crops was low.

scholarly journals Change of the productive soil moisture amount under different agrophytocenoses in accordance with the used tillage system in short-term crop rotation

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
I. Prymak ◽  
M. Yermolaev ◽  
O. Panchenko ◽  
S. Obrajyy ◽  
M. Voytovik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Wheat Germination

The influence of four basic tillage systems and four fertilizer systems on changes in productive soil moisture and water consumption by agrophytocenoses was studied within years 2017–2020 in the fve-feld crop rotation on typical black soil (chernozems) of the Bila Tserkva NAU experimental feld. It is established that the productive moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil in the phase of soybean germination are almost the same for moldboard, differentiated, disk and shallow types of tillage, but quite lower for chisel one; in the phases of the budding beginning and maturity of grain this indicator is the lowest for moldboard tillage, and the highest for moldboardless tillage. In the phase of winter wheat germination, as well as earing and full ripeness of grain, this rate is almost at the same level for moldboard, differentiated and shallow tillage, and for chisel one – 9–12 % higher compared to the reference level; in the phase of spring vegetation restoration no noticeable difference between tillage options was recorded. In the phase of sunflower seedlings there was the largest amount of the productive moisture in a meter layer of soil in the conditions of moldboardless plowing; the rest of tillage have shown almost the same amount of productive moisture; in the phase of the flowering beginning and full maturity of seeds, they are 3–5 % higher for moldboardless plowing, and 2–3 and 4–6 % lower for differentiated and disk tillage respectively than the reference one. In the phases of tube yielding, earing and full ripeness of spring barley grain, it is 11, 5 and 4 % higher compared to the reference rate for moldboardless plowing, differentiated and disk tillage respectively. For moldboard, chisel, differentiated tillage and shallow tillage, the water consumption coefcient of soybeans was 109, 120, 113 and 131 mm/t respectively. With moldboardless, differentiated and disc tillage, it is 11,5 and 4 % higher in winter wheat, respectively, than the reference level. Crop rotation productivity for moldboard and differentiated tillage at the same level, and for moldboardless and disk – signifcantly lower. Key words: crop rotation, crop, tillage, fertilizers, productive moisture, water consumption coefcient, total water consumption, productivity.

scholarly journals The intensity of competitive interactions between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et. Paol) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different fertilisation conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Kinga Treder ◽  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Janusz Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Better Than

Competitive interactions between spring wheat and spring barley were traced based on a pot experiment. In the years 2003-2004, three cycles of the experiment were carried out in a greenhouse. Two spring cereals - wheat and barley, sown in a mixture and in a monoculture, with different mineral fertilisation levels, were the object of evaluation and comparison. The experiment was set up according to the additive scheme, determining dry weight values for both species in 5 growth stages (emergence, tillering, shooting, heading and ripening). Results were used to determine relative yields and competition ratios. It was demonstrated that competition between the cereals started already from the emergence stage and lasted till the end of vegetation, manifesting itself with the greatest strength at the heading stage, but thereafter it weakened in the NPK poorer environment. Access to a larger pool of macroelements resulted in the intensification of competitive interactions. Spring barley used the limited growth factors better than wheat from shooting till the ripening period, and a reverse relation was exhibited only at the tillering stage.

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