Availability to subsequent crops and leaching of nitrogen in 15N-labelled sugarbeet tops and oilseed rape residues

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Thomsen ◽  
B. T. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Subsequent Crop

SUMMARYIn autumn 1991, sugarbeet tops (Beta vulgaris L.) and different components of oilseed rape residues (Brassica napus L.), both labelled with 15N, were incorporated into the soil under field conditions at Askov Experimental Station, Denmark, using stainless steel cylinders to contain the treatments. The availability of this labelled N to a subsequent crop was measured, using as test crops autumn-sown rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In spring 1992, cylinders with 15 N-residues received NH4NO3 and those without 15NH415NO3. In a parallel experiment, 15N-labelled beet tops were incorporated in lysimeters. A four-course rotation of sugarbeet, spring barley (undersown with perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L.), perennial ryegrass and winter wheat at two rates of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or animal slurry was grown in these lysimeters. Leaching and the availability of beet top N to successive crops were followed for 2 years. The soil in the cylinders and lysimeters was a light sandy loam (˜ 10% clay).Of the 7·10 g N/m2 added in beet tops, 10–15% was harvested in two subsequent crops of barley and ryegrass and 13–19% was lost by nitrate leaching. Beet top N accounted for 3–7% of the total N offtake in 1992. In 1993 < 1·5% of the total N offtake in ryegrass was from the beet tops applied in 1991. Combining results from mineral fertilized treatments, it was found that 9% of the beet top N was removed in the first cereal crop, 9% was lost by nitrate leaching and 68% remained in the 0–20 cm soil layer (including roots), suggesting that the denitrification loss was < 15%.Incorporation of oilseed rape stubble (1·35 g N/m2), two rates of pods (6·25 and 18·75 g N/m2) or mixed residues (12·25 g N/m2) contributed 0·5, 2·3, 7·4 and 4·6%, respectively, to the total N harvested in the following crop of winter wheat. The percentage of the added labelled N taken up by the wheat ranged from 4·9 to 6·1%, with 60–79% remaining in the 0–20 cm layer after harvest.For beet tops it was calculated that 100 kg N/ha in residues incorporated in the autumn could replace 18 kg N/ha given in the following spring as mineral fertilizer. For oilseed residues, the corresponding average value was 9 kg N/ha.In fertilized cropping systems, oilseed rape residues had minor effects on the subsequent crop, so that an uneven return of residues, as often occurs with combined crops, would do little harm. A considerable proportion of the N applied in sugarbeet tops was lost by leaching and the residual value of the sugarbeet tops to subsequent crops was low.

Results from experiments with winter wheat, spring barley and grass, comparing a liquid N-fertilizer either alone or with added herbicide, and top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ without or with herbicide sprayed alone

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
S. C. R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Better Than

SummaryDuring 1970–3 three experiments with winter wheat, three with spring barley, two with permanent grass and one with perennial ryegrass measured the effects of a liquid N-fertilizer (26% N) sprayed over the leaves either alone or with a herbicide added to it. ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (21% N) was used as the standard for comparison. The liquid N-fertilizer was made from urea and ammonium nitrate; the herbicide was a mixture of dichlorprop and MCPA. Each experiment tested all combinations of the two N fertilizers applied to give 38, 75 or 113 kg N/ha without the herbicide and with either 2·8, 5·6 (recommended dose) or 8·4 1/ha of herbicide. The 24 treatments were applied to winter wheat at growth stages 4–5 of the Feekes scale, to barley at growth stage 5 and to grass in late spring and again to regrowth after cutting.Herbicide alone sometimes scorched the leaves but seldom badly. Liquid N-fertilizer nearly always scorched the leaves and the amount of scorch was increased by adding herbicide; scorch also was increased by increasing the amount of either and so was most severe when most liquid fertilizer and most herbicide were sprayed together; this damage did not decrease yields appreciably except when only 38 kg N/ha was given.Spraying the herbicide with the liquid fertilizer always gave slightly better weed control than herbicide alone in the wheat, but not always in the barley; in the grass, weed control was no better than from herbicide alone.‘Nitro-Chalk’ gave larger yields of wheat grain than the liquid N-fertilizer did in seven of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 20 of 27 with it, of barley grain in five of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 15 of 27 with it, of permanent grass in 25 of 27 comparisons without herbicide and in 70 of 81 with it, and of perennial ryegrass in nine of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 25 of 27 with it. Thus herbicide did not alter the advantage that ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had.Percentages of N in the crops were larger with ‘Nitro-Chalk’ than with the liquid N-fertilizer but were changed little by herbicide.

scholarly journals Crop rotation yield depending on from the receptions of biologization

2021 ◽  
Vol 344 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
E. V. Seminchenko
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Negative Balance ◽  
Pure Steam

Among the methods of cultivation that increase the productivity of crops, a prominent role is assigned to crop rotation. In a properly constructed crop rotation, the efficiency of all agrotechnical methods aimed at improving the use of land increases, the biological needs of crops are satisfied, the rational use of technology is achieved, and the cost of production is reduced [1]. The soils are low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potassium. The humus content is 1.2–2.0%, pH = 7–8. Studies have shown that green manure (sweet clover, oats, phacelia) have a positive effect on the balance of organic matter. The negative balance of organic matter is noted for pure steam. The stock of productive moisture in the 0–0.3 cm soil layer varied from 4.1 to 29.5 mm for winter wheat, 28.1–32.7 mm for chickpea and 28–35.3 mm for spring barley, depending on the weather conditions. conditions and methods of biologization. On average, over three years, the highest yield was in winter wheat for a busy fallow (phacelia) and amounted to 1.0 t/ha, which depended on weather conditions. A reliable correlation was revealed for the factors of yield-precipitation; temperature; batteries, etc.

scholarly journals Influence of stubble biodestructor on soil microbiological activity and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 11035
Author(s):  
Antonina PANFILOVA
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Harvest Residues ◽  
Post Harvest

The aim of the work was to improve soil fertility and increase the yield of winter wheat using the stubble biodestructor by activating the microbiological activity of the soil. The experimental studies were on the research field of Mykolayiv National Agrarian University (Ukraine). After harvesting the precursor cultures of spring barley and peas the post-harvest residues of these crops were treated with a stubble biodestructor. After treatment of crop residues of spring barley and pea by the stubble biodestructor in the soil layer of 0 up to 20 cm the quantity of cellulose-destructive microorganisms increased by 27.9·105 up to 36.0·105 cfu/g of soil depending on the predecessor culture and the degree of degradation of these residues increased by 31.4 up to 45.1%. The number of nitrogen fixators in the 0-10 cm soil layer grew under the action of treatment of crop residues of spring barley and peas by stubble biodestructor on 13.4 up to 14.1 ·106 cfu/g of soilor 30.3 up to 35.0%. At the same time, a somewhat large number of bacteria in the soil was determined by the processing of post-harvest residues of peas, which was due to the biological characteristics of this legume culture. The average for years of researches at cultivating of winter wheat after spring barley using the stubble biodestructor the grain yield increased by 0.45 t ha–1, or 20.9%, and after pea it increased by 0.67 t ha–1 or 18.8% compared to the treatment variant of stubble just with water.

scholarly journals Grain quality and yield of spring barley in field trials under variable growing conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Váňová ◽  
S. Palík ◽  
J. Hajšlová ◽  
I. Burešová
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Growing Conditions

Effects of the year, previous crop and control of leaf diseases on grain yield, test weight, protein and starch content, Fusarium head blight (FHB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain were investigated in four spring barley varieties. The trials were set up in 2001&ndash;2004 at Kroměř&iacute;ž (235 m above sea level, average annual temperature 8.7&deg;C, annual precipitation sum 599 mm) in a five-course crop rotation, where spring barley followed the previous crops sugar beet, winter wheat, maize, and oilseed rape. The experimental years differed a lot in temperature and precipitation. The years 2001 and 2002 were dry and warm and grain yield was much lower as compared to that in the following years even though the other growing conditions were identical. The most stable quality parameters were obtained after the previous crop sugar beet. The average value of test weight was 661 g/l(ranging from 629 to 685 g/l), protein content 11.2% (10.3&ndash;11.7%) and starch content 61.5% (58.9&ndash;64.9%). Grain yield averaged 6.67 t/ha. Test weight after maize was on average 658 g/l(619&ndash;692 g/l), protein content 11.5% (10.1&ndash;12.4%), starch content 60.7% (59.2&ndash;63.8%), and grain yield 6.24 t/ha. Test weight and starch content were lower and protein content higher after oilseed rape and winter wheat. A higher FHB incidence and DON content were found after the previous crop maize. In 2001 and 2002 with strong water deficit during the growing seasons, more grains infected by Fusarium spp. were detected and DON content was higher too. The increase was due to a short rainy period at heading of spring barley. Problems of variable conditions for growing malting varieties of spring barley and current possibilities of producing both good grain yields and quality are discussed.

A comparison of nitrate leaching under clover-based pastures and nitrogen-fertilized grass grazed by sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Ruz-Jerez ◽  
R. E. White ◽  
P. R. Ball
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaching Loss ◽  
Safety Limit

SUMMARYNitrate leaching was measured under three pastures – perennial ryegrass and white clover, a herbal ley comprising a mixture of legumes, non-aggressive grasses and deep rooting herbs, and perennial ryegrass fertilized with 400 kg N/ha per year as urea – from 1989 to 1991 at Palmerston North, New Zealand (latitude 40° S). The pastures were regularly mob-grazed by sheep at a stocking rate which varied with the amount of feed available. Drainage was estimated from a daily soil water balance and accumulated over 10 day intervals. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage were measured as the volume-averaged concentrations in the soil solution between 30 and 45 cm depth during these intervals. Although the N applied as fertilizer to the grass was 2·5 times greater than the N estimated to have been fixed by the clover-based pastures, the leaching loss from the former was 6–7 times greater than from the latter. The stocking rate on the grass pasture averaged over each year was only 1·2–1·4 times that on the two clover-based pastures. Leaching from urine patches was estimated to account for 55% of the total N leached from the clover-based pastures, but only 25% of the total leached from the N-fertilized grass.The amount of NO3-N leached should be related to the cumulative drainage to determine whether the average nitrate concentration exceeds the environmental safety limit of 10 mg NO3-N/1. In 1989, when the total drainage was 215 mm, 21·5 kg N/ha would have had to be leached for the concentration to exceed the limit and none of the pastures did so. In 1990, when the total drainage was 270 mm, the critical amount to be leached was 27 kg N/ha which was exceeded by the Grass + N400, but not by either the Grass-clover (5.8 kg N/ha) or the Herbal ley (7·3 kg N/ha). The utilization of N was more conservative in the clover-based pastures than in the N-fertilized grass.

scholarly journals Boron content in soils under increasing magnesium and sulphur doses in a field experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 366-373
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mühlbachová ◽  
Pavel Čermák ◽  
Martin Káš ◽  
Radek Vavera ◽  
Miroslava Pechová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Boron Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Second Year

The three-year field experiment (2015–2017) with graded doses of magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) was carried out at the Humpolec experimental station (49.5546239N, 15.3485489E; Czech Republic). The interactions between boron (B), Mg and S in the soil were studied. No boron was applied into soils. Contents of B, S and Mg in the soil were determined by the Mehlich 3 and NH<sub>4</sub> acetate methods. The crop rotation was: spring barley-oilseed rape-winter wheat. Three Kieserite doses (S and Mg fertiliser) were applied. Sulphur treatments were 10-20-40 kg S/ha to cereals and 20-40-80 kg S/ha to oilseed rape. The doses of Mg were: 13-26-52 kg Mg/ha to cereals and 26-52-104 kg Mg/ha to oilseed rape. A significant gradual decrease of B-Mehlich 3 was observed under Kieserite treatments during the experiment (from 1.24 mg B/kg in control in the 1<sup>st</sup> year to 0.92 mg B/kg in the 3<sup>rd</sup> year). On the contrary, B-NH<sub>4</sub> acetate contents in soils remained similar during 2015–2017 in control soils (0.33–0.39 mg B/kg) and significantly decreased under Kieserite treatments, namely by 55–57% in 2016 and by 43–48% in 2017. A significant decrease of B content in soils was noted since the second year of experiment after oilseed rape. The boron contents in soils were affected in several ways – by adsorption of B on magnesium oxides and other substances, exchange with SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup> anions and possible leaching, and also by the uptake by grown crops, mainly oilseed rape.  

scholarly journals Crop yields, boron availability and uptake in relation to phosphorus supply in a field experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 619-625
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mühlbachová ◽  
Pavel Čermák ◽  
Martin Káš ◽  
Kateřina Marková ◽  
Radek Vavera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
B Uptake

The boron (B) availability and uptake were studied in relation to different phosphorus rates applied into soils in a three-year field experiment (2015–2017). The experiment was carried out at the experimental station at Humpolec (Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic). Three rates of phosphorus (20-40-80 kg P/ha) were applied as triple superphosphate. The crop rotation was spring barley-winter oilseed rape-winter wheat. No systematic fertilization with B was used and the response of natural boron soil content to the different phosphorus supply was studied. The crop yields, B content in plants, B-uptake, and content of B (extracted by Mehlich 3 and NH<sub>4</sub> acetate methods) were determined. Spring barley and winter wheat B uptake was about one order of magnitude lower in comparison with oilseed rape. Significant differences in B content in soils, in crop tissues and B-uptake, were found mainly under higher phosphorus doses (40 and 80 kg P/ha). NH<sub>4</sub> acetate method showed better correlations between P and B contents in soils than Mehlich 3 method from the second experimental year. The P-fertilization may affect negatively the B-uptake by plants, particularly if the highly nutrient demanding crop is grown.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic Amendments on the Improvement of Soil Nutrients and Crop Yield in Sandy Soils during a 4-Year Field Experiment in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Northern China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Yingxing Zhao ◽  
Yuanquan Chen ◽  
Hongcui Dai ◽  
Jixiao Cui ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Total N

To address the low productivity of sandy farmlands, our study aimed to conduct a comparative study on the effects of different organic amendment (OA) inputs for the potential improvement of crop yield and soil quality in sandy alkaline farmlands through the selection of a suitable OA. This study set up straw (ST) returning as control and chemical fertilizer (CF) treatment as a side control, and chose three OAs returning as treatments, including pig manure (PM), biogas residue (BR), and straw biochar (BC), for improving soil fertility, with all amendments having matched doses of nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted at the Wuqiao Experimental Station (37°41 N, 116°37 E) of China Agricultural University in Hebei Province, China, from October 2012 to September 2016. The cropping rotation was the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system. Through a consecutive four-year field experiment, the principal results showed that three types of OA application significantly increased soil organic carbon from 1.46 g kg−1 to 8.24 g kg−1, soil total N from 0.21 g kg−1 to 0.64 g kg−1, soil available potassium from 55.85 mg kg−1 to 288.76 mg kg−1, and soil available phosphate from 4.86 mg kg−1 to 65.00 mg kg−1 in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The BR was the most effective in improving soil nutrients as compared with the ST. The PM and BR treatments were more conducive to promoting crop yield by 6–20% than ST, and the BC treatment significantly reduced the yield of winter wheat by 19% and summer maize by 8%. As the BR and PM treatments improved the soil nutrient content and significantly increased crop yield, these were the top choices for transforming the low-yield sandy farmlands.

Review of experiments on reduced cultivation and direct drilling in the United Kingdom, 1957–1974

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Davies ◽  
R Q Cannell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Direct Drilling

In early experiments, before 1970, average yields of winter wheat and spring barley after direct drilling or shallow cultivation were less than after ploughing, but, in later experiments, there was little yield difference compared with ploughing. Direct drilling of forage brassicae and oilseed rape has become commercially important in the United Kingdom without much experimental work.

scholarly journals New data on spider fauna from northern Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669-1673
Author(s):  
B.D. Dudic ◽  
V.T. Tomic ◽  
I. Sivcev ◽  
W. Büchs ◽  
L. Sivcev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Turnip Rape ◽  
Subsequent Crop

During two years of research on the epigeic fauna in agroecosystems of northern Serbia, which was conducted as a part of SEE-ERA NET PLUS project no. 51, 5488 spider specimens were collected at three fields with oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera), turnip rape (Brassica rapa x chinensis) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) as subsequent crop at Stari Zednik (Vojvodina). A total of 62 species from 15 families were identified. Pardosa agrestis and Xysticus kochi were the dominant species in the studied fields. Spider families with significant presence were Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Gnaphosidae, Theridiidae and Philodromidae. Seven species are new to the spider fauna of Serbia.

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